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BBC Year 1 > Section 2 - Perception & Action > Flashcards

Section 2 - Perception & Action Flashcards

1
Q

What’s Bilateral Parietal damage?

A

The inability to interpret the totality of a scene & inability to control eye movement

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2
Q

What’s the ganglion cell?

A

The output of the retina

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3
Q

Land Retinex Theory

A

Colour of an object is determined by light of wavelengths reflected

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4
Q

What colour is a short light wavelength?

A

Blue

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5
Q

What colour is a medium light wavelength?

A

Green

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6
Q

What colour is a long light wavelength?

A

Red

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7
Q

How many different types of neurones does the retina have?

A

5

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8
Q

What are the 5 different types of neurones in a retina?

A

Receptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells & retinal ganglion cells

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9
Q

Which area is needed to be activated for colour perception?

A

V4

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10
Q

Which area is needed to be activated for motor perception?

A

V5

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11
Q

What’s akinetopsia?

A

Lack of motor control due to damage to the V5 Brodman area

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12
Q

What’s Charles Bonnet Syndrome?

A

intense visual hallucinations with poor/normal vision

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13
Q

Fovea

A

indentation at the centre of retina that’s specialised for high accuracy vision using only cones

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14
Q

Accommodation

A

adjusting the lease to focus image on the retina

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15
Q

Converge

A

turn inwards

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16
Q

Binocular disparity

A

difference in position of same image on 2 different retinas

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17
Q

Blind spot

A

gap in the receptor layer

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18
Q

What are the 2 photoreceptors?

A

Rods and Cones

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19
Q

What do Rods and Cones do?

A

Transduce light into electrochemical signals.

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20
Q

Are rods for low or normal light levels?

A

Low

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21
Q

What pigment do rods use?

A

Modopsin pigment

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22
Q

Are cones for low or normal light levels?

A

normal

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23
Q

Which pigment do cones use?

A

Photopsin pigment

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24
Q

What’s hemianopia?

A

Complete loss of vision in part of the visual field due to damage in the early visual pathways

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25
Q

What’s semi-spatial neglect?

A

Ignoring one side of space even when visualising a scene from memory

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26
Q

What’s apperceptive agnosia?

A

Where patients can draw an object from memory but cannot identify simple shapes

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27
Q

Who was the retina theory proposed by? And what does it explain?

A

Land to explain the colour constancy effect

28
Q

What does Contralateral neglect mean?

A

opposite side to damage

29
Q

What are the 3 principles of sensorimotor function?

A

Sensorimotor system hierarchy organised, motor output guided by sensory input & learning that changes the nature + locus of sensorimotor control

30
Q

What’s Apraxia?

A

Inability to properly execute a learned skill of movement after brain damage

31
Q

How many neurones does the Cerebellum have?

A

50million

32
Q

What are the inputs for the cerebellum?

A

PMC, SMC & descending motor signals

33
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

Embedded in muscle tissue to detect changed in muscle length to keep tension on the middle

34
Q

What are the basic components of Polysynaptic reflexes?

A

Receptor, afferent neurone, integrating centre, efferent neurone & effector

35
Q

What are the smallest unit of motor activity?

A

Muscles

36
Q

What’s a singular motor neurone called?

A

Motor unit

37
Q

What’s a bend/flex in a joint called?

A

Flexor

38
Q

What straighten/extend muscles?

A

Extensors

39
Q

What are muscles that act for some movement called?

A

Synergistic

40
Q

What are muscles that work in opposition called?

A

Antagonistic

41
Q

Which muscles are in the ventromedial?

A

Proximal

42
Q

Which muscles are in the dorsolateral?

A

Distal

43
Q

Which movements are ventrolateral?

A

Posture and whole body movements

44
Q

Which movements are dorsolateral?

A

Limb movements

45
Q

What are the 3 different somatosensory modalities in the Extraroceptive System?

A

Discriminative touch, thermal perception & nociceptive pain

46
Q

Nociception

A

Pain

47
Q

Proprioception

A

Knowing where you are in space

48
Q

Visceral pain

A

Internal, diffuse & poorly located, deep & dull, automatic chemical response

49
Q

Referred pain

A

Convergence of affronts to same dorsal horn neurones

50
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Damage to nerves in CNS/PNS, trauma, burning, hypoalergesia

51
Q

What’s the somatosensory styes made up of? What does it do?

A

Receptors and processing centres to produce sensation e.g. touch

52
Q

Where does the conscious processing of tactile sensation occur?

A

Primary Somatosensory System

53
Q

Where’s the Primary Somatosensory System located?

A

Within the parietal lobe of the cortex of the post central gyrus.

54
Q

How is the Primary Somatosensory System organised?

A

Soma-topically

55
Q

What do the Cutaneous Somatosensory receptors do?

A

Traduce mechanical & thermal energies into electrical signals and trigger action potential trains that reflect into about about the stimulus

56
Q

What are 2 inhibitions of pain?

A

Gate control theory or pain & depending inhibition

57
Q

What’s the S1? And which Brodman areas?

A

Anterior parietal cortex with the brodman areas 3a, 3b, 1 & 2

58
Q

What’s the Brodman area 3?

A

Receiver somatosensory input directly from thalamus

59
Q

What’s the Brodman area 1?

A

Sensory texture & shape of object

60
Q

What’s the Brodman area 2?

A

Size, shape and proprioception

61
Q

Is somatoscensation active or passive?

A

Passive

62
Q

Is haptics active or passive?

A

Active

63
Q

What’s Sensory Integration?

A

sensory ambiguity reduced via sensory integration with multiple sensory inputs regarding the same parameter in sensory decision making

64
Q

What did Ernst & Blilthoff (2002) do/state?

A

stated that adding different information makes different precepts more likely. Combining information from different senses can make perception more reliable.

65
Q

What’s Crossmodel object recognition?

A

When representations of objects are shared between vision & touch

BBC Year 1 (3 decks)

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