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Neuroanatomy > Section 2: Internal anatomy of the brain > Flashcards

Section 2: Internal anatomy of the brain Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the forebrain

A

q

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2
Q

What is the amygdala?

What is its role in the limbic system

A

q

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3
Q

The large C shaped structures in each hemisphere is

A

lateral ventricles

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4
Q

The anterior horn of the lateral ventricle lies in the

A

frontal lobe

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5
Q

The body extends across the

A

frontal and parietal lobe

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6
Q

The inferior horn lies in the

A

temporal lobe

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7
Q

What lies at the midline where you identified the thalamus

A

3rd ventricle

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8
Q

The 3rd ventricle is punctured by

A

massa intermedia (thalamic adhesion)

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9
Q

the lateral ventricles commuicate with the third ventricle by

A

interventricular foramen

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10
Q

The 3rd ventricle communicates with the 4th ventricle by way of the

A

cerebral aqueduct

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11
Q

the cerebral aqueduct passes through the____ under the _____

A

midbrain; superior and inferior colliculi

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12
Q

the fibers of the corpus callosum form the ventricular roof on the

A

dorsal surface of the lateral ventricles

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13
Q

the head of the caudate lies on the floor of the ______, it creates

A

anterior horn; creates a cavity in the ventral lateral surface of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

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14
Q

a hollow on the ventral medial surface of the inferior horn is produced by the

A

hippocampus

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15
Q

the massa intermedia is not a

A

commisure

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16
Q

the 3rd ventricle extends

A

ventrally to a point, like a bird beak

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17
Q

the point on the 3rd ventricle extends to the bottom of the brain where it is surrounded by the

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

the medial surface of the posterior horn normally abuts the

A

calcarine sulcus where the sulcus extends inward from the medial surface of the occipital lobe

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19
Q

the tectum lies ____ to the aqueduct;

A

dorsal

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20
Q

the structure below the aqueduct is

A

the tegementum

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21
Q

the tectum is made up of

A

superior and inferior colliculus

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22
Q

the cerebellum lies above the

A

4th ventricle

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23
Q

what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?

A

continuation of the tegmentum into the pons

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24
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

maintain a stable environment for neurons to function effectively; protecting the CNS from severe fluctuations in ionic concentrations;

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25
Q

How is the capillary epithelium specialized for the blood brain barrier?

A

tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
endocytic vesicles for intracellular transport
high number of mitochondria indicative of high levels of oxidative metabolism

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26
Q

How is passage across the blood brain barrier acheived?

A
  • diffusion of lipid soluble substances related to their oil and water partition coefficient
  • facilitative and energy dependent transport of specific water soluble substances
  • ion channels
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27
Q

What is the reverse pump in the brain? What mediates it?

A

intracellular transporters within astroglia that move lipophilic molecules of the brain into the blood; likely processes of astroglial cells that encase the capillaries

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28
Q

why does the 4th ventricle not have BBB?

A

it needs to detect changes in the blood chemistry; can detect poisons in the blood and initiate the vomit response.

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29
Q

Can leukocytes enter the BBB? Why is this problematic?

A

yes lymphocytes and marcrophages; can allow HIV infected macrophages and myelin-reactive lymphocytes of MS

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30
Q

What causes the BBB to breakdown?

A

tumor, ischemia, and bacterial infection

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31
Q

Stroke is harmful beyond its ischemic effects. WHy?

A

ischemia can induce breakdown of the BBB and allow toxins and ionic channel influxes which could lead to increased intracranial pressure due to edema and ultimately to death

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32
Q

What are the functions of the CSF

A

maintains constant external environment for the brain, decreases the weight of the brain on the skull and serves as a cushion to protect the brain from mechanical damage

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33
Q

The CSF is in equilibrium with

A

brain extracellular fluid

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34
Q

The CSF is turned over

A

3-4 times per day

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35
Q

The average volume of CSF is

It’s rate of production is

A

140 mL

500 mL per day

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36
Q

CSF is secreted by

A

choroid plexus

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37
Q

the choroid plexus is

A

a specialized capillary network that is surrounded by cuboidal or columnar epithelium

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38
Q

The choroid plexus aims to maintain

A

chemical stability of CSF

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39
Q

The epithelial cells of the choroid plexus form a

A

barrier that is responsible for carrier mediated transport that is bidirectional

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40
Q

The epithelial barrier made by the CSF

A

accounts for the contiuous production of CSF and transport of metabolites out of the CSF

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41
Q

How does CSF differ from blood plasma?

A

glucose and protein are lower and CSF is more acidic; it is also clear and normally has no RBCs or and few if any WBCs

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42
Q

Where is choroid plexus found?

A

In the floor of the inferior horn and in body of the lateral ventricle
roof of the third ventricle
inferior part of the lateral ventricle

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43
Q

What structure in the spinal cord is vestigial in adults

A

central canal

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44
Q

How does the CSF exit the 4th ventricle?

A

Foramen of Magendie and the 2 foramina of luschka

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45
Q

Where is the foramen of magendie?

A

opening at he midline at the caudal end of the 4th ventricle

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46
Q

where are the foramina of luschka?

A

at the lateral edges of the ventricle; at the widest extent where CN 8 lies, adjacent to the flocculus

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47
Q

CSF flows over the whole brain and spinal cord beneath the

A

subarachnoid space

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48
Q

The absorption of the majority of the CSF into the venous system occurs where

A

in the arachnoid vili or granulations in the walls of the dural sinuses (superior sagittal is the most important for this)

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49
Q

An obstructive or non-commicative hydrocephalous is caused by

A

an obstruction or tumor in the arrows where the ventricular system narrows (intraventricular foramen, cerebral aquaduct, and outlet of the 4th ventricle; blockage of flow occurs here

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50
Q

Communicating hydrocephalous occurs when

A

there is no blockage of flow but arachnid vili are diseased and absorption fails

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51
Q

Increased build up of CSF in a communicating hydrocephalous causes

A

increased intracranial pressure which can be seen by inspecting the fundus of the brain

52
Q

What is papilledema?

A

retinal vessels of the optic nerve become engorged and dilated due to the increased intracranial pressure

53
Q

Some of the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure are

A
  • headache
  • nausea
  • vomitting
  • cognitive impariment
  • decreased level of consciousness
  • impaired vision and sixth nerve palsy
54
Q

increased intracranial pressure can affect the

A

frontal lobe function

55
Q

would you have long tract (descending white matter pathway) signs with intracranial pressure elevation? What are the symptoms

A

yes; magnetic gait and incontinence

56
Q

Why is the composition of the CSF important?

A

it is altered in many disease states

57
Q

A white cell count of more than ___ indicates pathology

A

4/mm^3

58
Q

In what case would protein content be increased in CSF?

A

protein content may be increased by many pathological processes due to changes in vascular permeability or CSF dynamics

59
Q

The presence of blood in the CSF may indicate

A

hemmorhagic stroke

60
Q

what are the 3 types of white matter

A

association fibers, commisural fibers, and projection fibers

61
Q

What are association fibers

A

connect different regions of the cortex in the same hemisphere

62
Q

What are commisural fibers?

A

connect homologous regions of the cortex of the two hemispheres

63
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

connect areas of the cortex to areas lower in the neuraxis

64
Q

damaging the white matter (axons) produces

A

many of the same symptoms as damaging the cortex itself.

65
Q

the superior longitudinal fasiculus (arcuate fasiculus) connects the

A

frontal lobe arcing to the temporal lobe

66
Q

the arcuate fasiculus interconnects

A

Broca’s area, Wernicke’s , area and the auditory cortex

67
Q

the inferior longitudinal fasiculus extends from

A

occipital lobe to the temporal lobe along the occitpitotemporal gyrus

68
Q

the uncinate fasciculus runs

A

deep to the limen insulae connecting the frontal and temporal cortices

69
Q

what is the limen insulae?

A

anterior border of the insula

70
Q

the uncinate process is thought to associate the

A

orbital frontal cortex based reward and punishment centers with the temporal lobe based memory representations

71
Q

the cingulum is found

A

on the medial aspect of the hemisphere deep to the cingulate gyrus

72
Q

the cingulum interconnects structures of the

A

limbic system like the subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus and uncus

73
Q

it is suspected that the cingulum is involved with

A

the process of learning to avoid painful stimuli

74
Q

association fibers are NOT

A

oneway, direct paths; they are like an interstate highway

75
Q

what are U fibers?

A

short association fibers that travel only a short distance perhaps to an adjacent gyrus or nearby gyrus

76
Q

Reciprocal connections are the

A

rule, not exception

77
Q

The largest of the commisural fibers is the

A

corpus callosum

78
Q

the corpus callosum interconnects

A

homologous areas of the hemispheres in a spatially oriented fashion

79
Q

the frontal lobes are connected via the

A

genu of the corpus callosum

80
Q

the parietal lobes are connected via the

A

body of the corpus callosum

81
Q

the occipital lobes are connected via the

A

splenium of the corpus callosum

82
Q

the anterior commisure connects

A

the anterior poles of the two temporal lobes

83
Q

what do the lobes connected by the anterior commisure contain?

A

olfactory cortexes

84
Q

the hippocampal commisure connects

A

two hippocampi

85
Q

the posterior commisure interconnects the

A

two sides of the rostral midbrain

86
Q

the corona radiata is a type of

A

projection fibers

87
Q

an important component of the corona radiata are

A

the thalamic radiations, which are interconnections of the thalamic nuclei and their cortical targets

88
Q

the corona radiata becomes the internal capsule when

A

it passes medially to the lenticulate nucleus

89
Q

what is the crus cerebri?

A

axons whose targets are in the brainstem and spinal cord descend onto the anterior aspect of the midbrain and the crus cerebri

90
Q

name the 3 types are fibers found in the internal capsule and the crus cerebri

A

corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine fibers; axons from the moti

91
Q

the head of the caudate nucleus lies behind a bulge in the

A

anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

92
Q

the roof of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle houses crossing fibers of the

A

corpus callosum

93
Q

the hippocampus lies on the medial part of the floor of the

A

inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

94
Q

the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle lies in the

A

temporal lobe

95
Q

the parahippocampal gyrus terminates as the

A

hippocampus

96
Q

hippocampus is involved in memory of

A

spatial relationships

97
Q

axons of hippocampus form a large fiber tract called the

A

fornix

98
Q

the fornix connects

A

the hippocampus and hypothalamus in the temporal lobe

99
Q

the fornix curves ventrally at

A

the anterior end of the 3rd ventricle near the anterior commisure

100
Q

the large cluster of cell bodies that is part of the basal ganglia and follows the path of the lateral ventricle similar to the fornix is

A

the caudate nucleus

101
Q

the caudate nucleus has

A

motor and cognitive functions

102
Q

a major function of the thalamus is to

A

relay motor and sensory info to their respective cortices

103
Q

the anteriro tubercle of the thalmus is on its

A

dorsal surface anteriorly

104
Q

the pillow shaped bulge on the posterior side of the thalamus is the

A

pulvinar

105
Q

the anterior tubercle and the pulvinar each mark

A

nuclear groups within the thalamus

106
Q

the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei are part of the

A

thalamus

107
Q

the medial geniculate nucleus relays ____info to the

A

auditory to the Heschl’s/transverse gyrus

108
Q

the lateral geniculate nucleus recieves info from the ___ and projects to ___

A

optic tract; visual cortex in and arounf the calcarine fissure

109
Q

you can find the lateral geniculate nucleus by

A

following the optic tract to its end

110
Q

the medial geniculate nucelus has fibers that connect it to the___. this bundle is the ___

A

inferior colliculus; brachium of the inferior colliculus

111
Q

the large nuclear structure located near the uncus at the anterior medial part of the temporal lobe is called the

A

amygdala

112
Q

the ____ communicates visceral information such as hunger, thirst, anger, fear, and sexual feeling between the brainstem, hypothalamus and cortex

A

amygdala

113
Q

bilateral damage of the amygdala causes

A

flattened/blunted emotional and sexual behavior

114
Q

the ____ is a very deep infolding of the cortical tissue

A

insula

115
Q

the ___ is separated from the caudate by the internal capsule. the 2 structures are called the ___

A

putamen; striatum

116
Q

the ____ is a fiber tract of huge significance

A

internal capsule

117
Q

the neck of the corona radiata is called the

A

internal capsule

118
Q

the anterior limb of the internal capsule carries information to and from

A

the frontal lobes

119
Q

the posterior limb of the internal capsule carries

A

somatosensory and motor information from each side of the central sulcus

120
Q

a lesion in the anterior limb is

A

often silent

121
Q

a lesion in the posterior limb of the IC

A

dramatic symptoms of sensory loss and paralysis

122
Q

the posterior limb carries visual information via the and auditory info via the

A

visual radiations; auditory radiations

123
Q

the globus pallidus and the putamen together form the; are they functionally connected?

A

lenticulate nucleus; no

124
Q

the caudate and putamen send projections to the ___ which sends info to ____

A

globus pallidus; thalamus

125
Q

at the level of the optic tract the ____and ___ have fused forming the_____

A

putamen and caudate; ventral striatum

126
Q

the ventral striatum receives info from the ____ and is part of the _____ which controls _____

A

amygdala, limbic system, emotions

Neuroanatomy (1 decks)

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