Section 2 - Behaviorism

Question 1

What are the two types of behavioral conditioning?

Answer 1

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

Question 2

Brief example of Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Think reflexes

Question 3

Brief example of Operant conditioning

Answer 3

Think animal training but with no trainer

Question 4

Major names to know under Classical conditioning

Answer 4

Ivan Pavlov and John Watson

Question 5

Major names to know under Operant conditioning

Answer 5

Edward Thorndike and BF Skinner

Question 6

Three examples of Classical conditioning

Answer 6

There is no control

It has a lot to do with reflexes and psychological behaviors

Pupils dilating, heart rate, spinal reflexes, and salivating.

Question 7

What is extinction?

Answer 7

The decrease after one of the pairings is removed

Question 8

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 8

Restarts the behavior but not from zero.

Ex: a smoker goes back to smoking but doesn’t have to relearn how to smoke.

Question 9

What is biopreparedness?

Answer 9

Stimuli are not experienced equally by the body. Poison teaches fear with just one pairing.

Question 10

What are four variables of the development of classically conditioned behavior?

Answer 10

Timing
Consistency
Intensity
Attention

Question 11

What is the little Albert experiment?

Answer 11

An experiment by John Watson that induced fear of white furry things to Albert

Question 12

Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

Begins with Thorndike’s Law of Effect

He experimented with a cat learning to escape a box and obtain food

Question 13

What is a reinforcement?

Answer 13

Tends to increase the frequency in behavior

Question 14

What is a Punishment?

Answer 14

Tends to decrease the frequency of behavior

Question 15

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 15

Something is added to increase behavior

Question 16

What is a negative reinforcement?

Answer 16

Something is removed to increase behavior

Question 17

Type 1 Punishment example

Answer 17

Spankings

Question 18

Type 2 Punishment example

Answer 18

Time Out

Hockey and penalty box

Question 19

What is discriminative stimulus?

Answer 19

It indicates the presence (or absence) of a reinforcer or punishment

Question 20

What experiment did Skinner do?

Answer 20

He did the pigeon ping-pong experiment

Question 21

What do reinforcement schedules do?

Answer 21

Explains how intermittent reinforcement still works. In other words, our behavior doesn’t have to be reinforced every time.

Question 22

Who wrote the first American Psych Text?

Answer 22

William James

Question 23

What does the Peripheral theory (James-Lange theory) say?

Answer 23

The word peripheral is based on a type of our nervous system and it mainly states that we feel fear because we are running.

Question 24

What is the second theory of emotion called?

Answer 24

The Central Theory (AKA Cannon-Baird Theory)

Question 25

What is the third theory of emotion?

Answer 25

It is a two factor theory (Singer-Shacter theory).

Factor 1: stimulus

Factor 2: interprets the stimulus

Question 26

What is a Hypothetical Construct?

Answer 26

A made up term to define a relationship

Question 27

Examples of Behaviorism

Answer 27

Organisms adapt to their environment through rewards/punishments.

Simple machine metaphor where the environment acts on it with a lever

Avoid hypothetical constructs

Question 28

What does the The sympathetic nervous system display?

Answer 28

sexual arousal, reaction to emergencies, and vigilance by increasing your heart rate, boosting your blood pressure, and speeding up your breathing. It’s responsible for the classic “fight-or-flight” response, which is mediated by two main chemical messengers, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

Question 29

What does The parasympathetic nervous system display?

Answer 29

he body’s calming and relaxing functions. Eat a big meal, take a nap, meditate, and the parasympathetic is kicking in, slowing down your heart rate, breathing, and so on.