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Physical Education > Section 2- Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Section 2- Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell???

A

Cells have long been recognized as the simplest units of living motto that can maintain life and reproduce. The human body made up of numerous cells begins as is single newly fertilized cell

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2
Q

What is a tissue

A

Tissue tissue is a little more complex than cells they are an organization of cells with varying amounts of non-living into the cellular substances between them

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3
Q

What are the four types of primary tissue?

A

Epithelial nervous connective and muscular tissue

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

Organs are more complex than tissues.

They are an organization of different tissues That are arranged together so that we can perform a special function

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5
Q

What are the classification of bones

A

1) long bones
- longer than they are wide and are usually found in the limbs of the body for movement.

2) short bones
- roughly the same length and width and are weight bearing

3) flat bones
- usually protect vital organs and provide surface area for muscles to attach

4) irregular bones
- odd shaped and do different functions from protection to muscle attachment points

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6
Q

Examples of short bones??

A

Carpals

Tarsals

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7
Q

Examples of long bones??

A 
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Metacarpals
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Metatarsal
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8
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Cranium
Scapula
Sternum
Ribs

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9
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

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10
Q

What is the role of long bones in sport?

A

Used to generate movement, speed and power through being pulled by muscles

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11
Q

What is the role of shorts bones in sport?

A

Used to stabilize the body through the bearing of weights and spreading of weight through the hands and feet

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12
Q

What is the role of flat bones in sports?

A

Used to protect vital organs on impact and provides a surface for muscles to attach to

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13
Q

What is the role of irregular bones

A

Protects the central nervous system which allows the brain to send signals throughout the body

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14
Q

Scenario
A tackle occurs in an American football match.
What bones is the defender utilizing and how is it helping him??

A

Part A
He is using long bones
Tibia fibula femur
Allowing the player to generate power in his legs to tackle his opponent.

Part B
Short bone
Tarsals
Spreading his weight evenly so that he is balanced when making the tackle

Part C
Flat bones
Cranium, ribs
Protecting his vital organs from injury when making the tackle

Part D
Irregular bones
Vertebrae
Allowing the player to bend and twist and also sending messages from his brain to all areas of his body

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15
Q

How many bones are in our skeleton

A

206 bones

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16
Q

What are the function of the skeletal system?

A 
Protection
Movement
Support/shape
Blood cell production
Mineral Storage
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17
Q

How does our skeleton protect our body?

A
  • The cranium protects the soft tissue of the brain
  • The rib cage protects the delicate internal organs.
  • the vertebrae protects the central nervous system
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18
Q

How does the skeletal system provide support/shape

A

Bones give a solid structure of support and bones are strong enough to support our bodies but light enough to allow movement

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19
Q

How does the skeleton provide movement

A

Bones meet with joints and work with muscles to generate movement

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20
Q

How does the skeleton produce blood cells

A

Red blood cells are used to carry oxygen around the body on a found in the bone marrow of long bones such as limbo ones which are our female humor us etc.

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21
Q

How does the skeletal system store minerals

A

Bones store essential minerals that are required for the body to function example calcium

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22
Q

What is the vertebral coloumn

A

The way to roll column is made up of 33 irregular bones called vertebrae which runs from the base of the skull to the pelvis

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23
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column

A

Functions to
Protect the spinal cord
Hold the body and head in an upright position
Allows your body to produce a wide range of movement

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24
Q

What is a joint

A

A joint is where two or more bones meet in the body and allow movement to occur

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25
What are the types of joints
``` Fixed joints(fibrous joints) Slightly movable joints (cartilaginous joints) Synovial joints(freely movable joints ) ```
26
What are the types of synovial joints
``` Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Saddle Condyloid gliding ```
27
What are fixed joints
They do not allow any movement | E.g of fixed joints are the bones in our skull that are held together by fibrous connective tissue
28
What are slightly movable joints(cartilaginous joints)
They allow a small amount of movement Found in the joints of the vertebral column, ribs and sternum Linked by cartilage
29
What are synovial joints(freely movable joints)
The bones are linked by ligaments A wide range of movement is available Found in the limbs where motor activity is dominant including knee hip and shoulder
30
What does the ball and socket joint do Where is it found in the body
Provides the widest range of movement They are found in the hip and shoulder Allow the arms and legs to move in any direction Ligaments are often used to keep the joints stable
31
What are hinge joints Where are hinge joints found
These enable movements in only One Direction/plane Will open until it is straight Movement is limited because of the shape of the bones and the position of the ligaments Hinge joints are located in the elbows and knees
32
What are pivot joints and where are they located
Only rotation is possible [left/right, up/down] Pivot joints are found in the vertebrae of the neck NB: pivot joints allow rotation only and not circumduction (360 degrees)
33
What are saddle joints What type of movement do they allow Why is movement limited Where are they found
The bones are shaped like saddles and fit into each other They allow movements in two planes at right angles to each other(back and fourth and side to side) Movement is limited because of the shape of the bones They are found in the thumb.
34
What are condyloid bones What type of movement do they allow What do ligaments prevent Where are they found
The rounded end of each bone fits into the hollow end of another. Movements as possible in two planes(back and forth and side to side) Ligaments prevent rotation They are found in the wrist
35
What are gliding(plane joints) What type of movement do they allow What are the movements limited by Where are they found
Present between the surfaces of the two flat bones . One bone slides on top of the other providing slight movements in all directions Ligaments limit the movement They are found in the vertebrae and carpal bones in the hand
36
What is flexion
Bending the joints
37
Types of flexion in the ankle
Plantar flexion- point foot down Dorsi Flexion- point the foot up
38
What is extension
Straightening the joints
39
What is circumduction
The movement of the joint 360°
40
What is rotation
Open the joint left or right / up or down
41
What is abduction
Moving away from the body
42
What is a adduction
Moving towards the body
43
What is the type of movement allowed in a ball and socket joint
Circumduction, flexion, rotation, extension, abduction, adduction.
44
What type of movement is allowed at the hinge joint
Flexion, extension.
45
What type of movement is allowed any pivot joints
Rotation only
46
What type of movement is allowed at the saddle Joints
Flexion and extension, Abduction and adduction
47
What type of movement is allowed at the condyloid joint
Flexion and extension | Abduction and adduction
48
What type of movement is allowed at the gliding [plane] joint
No bending or circular movement
49
What is spongy bone
Lightweights and has the appearance of needle-like pieces of bone with large spaces between them
50
What is compact bone?
Dense and forms the outer layer of all bones
51
What is the axial skeleton
Bones along the central axis of the body Skull Ribs Vertebral column Sternum
52
What is the appendicular skeleton
Bones in the shoulder/pectoral girdle, arms, pelvic girdle, legs
53
What is cartilage?
A though but flexible tissue Hyaline cartilage is found at the ends of of our bones in all our synovial joints. It is different s from other forms of cartilage found in the body. We have pads of rough cartilage in the knee and vertebral column which act as shock absorbers
54
What are tendons
Dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
55
What are ligaments
Dense connective tissue that connect bone to bone They encase Joints to prevent dislocation They limit the movement capabilities of the joints
56
What three(3) things that our muscles do?
``` They enable us to move our body parts They give us our own individual shape Protect and keep in place our abdominal organs Enable us to maintain a good posture Generate body heat when they contract. ```
57
What are the types of muscles in our body?
1. Cardiac or heart muscle 2. Smooth or Involuntary muscle 3. Skeletal or voluntary muscle
58
What does cardiac muscle do? Where is it’s located What type of movement does it produce (conscious or unconscious)
Only found in the walls of the heart. No conscious control Provides an automatic, constant and rhythmic pumping action to distribute blood throughout the body. It is an involuntary muscle under the control of the central nervous system
59
What does smooth muscle do? Where is it’s located What type of movement does it produce (conscious or unconscious)
Found in the walls of blood vessels, digestive system and bladder No conscious control Assists the body in controlling blood flow, digesting food and remove waste products Takes longer to contract than the skeletal muscles but can’t stay contracted for a long period of time
60
What does skeletal muscle do? Where is it’s located What type of movement does it produce (conscious or unconscious) When do we use our skeletal muscles??
They are attached to our skeleton through tendons They produce all conscious movement in the body When in use they become fatigued and require rest an relaxtion to recover to their original state. Used in physical activity Eg. If we want to pick up a ball, throw a discus/javelin. Used for explosive movements such as a 100m sprint as well as fine movements like threading a needle
61
What are the three main types of muscular contraction?? And what happens to the muscles Also when do the muscle work in that way
Isotonic concentric Isotonic eccentric Isometric Isotonic contractions with muscles working concentrically: • Our muscles shorten as they contract •The ends of the muscle moves closer together •our biceps work this way when we do a pull-up Isotonic contractions with our muscles working eccentrically • our muscles lengthen as the contract under tension •The ends of our muscles move further apart • our biceps work this way when we lower our body from the pull up position Isometric contraction • our muscles stay the same length as the contract • there is no movement, so the ends of the muscles stay the same distance apart. • our shoulder muscles work this way in a game of tug-of-war
62
What are the skeletal (voluntary) muscles and where are they located on the body ???
``` Deltoid Trapezius Pectoral Bicep Tricep Abdominals External Obliques Latissimus Dorsi Hip Flexor Gluteus Maximus Quadriceps Hamstring Gastrocnemius ```
63
How many individual muscles are there in the body???
650 muscles
64
What % of a persons body weight do muscles make up
40%
65
What are muscle fibers?
Our muscles are made up of many threadlike fibres packed together in bundles
66
What are fast twitch muscles? What sports/ activities utilize them
These are muscle fibers that: Do not have a good oxygen supply Tire very quickly(Lasts about 30secs - 2mins) Are stronger than slow-twitch fibres Contract very quickly and powerfully with a high degree of force Are designated to work anaerobically which means they create energy using the bodies existing stores Suited to sports that require frequent bursts of high energy- high intensity exercise Sports/activities that utilize fast-twitch muscle Fibres Football, Netball, Rugby, Tennis, Shot put, Sprints, long Jump
67
What are slow twitch muscle fibres What sports/activities utilize them
These are muscle fibres that: Have a very good oxygen supply Work for a long time without tiring Are not as strong as our fast twitch fibers Take longer to contract Designated to work aerobically which means they use oxygen to create energy Used in low intensity, high - endurance events Sports/activities that utilize slow twitch fibres Marathon, Triathlons, rowing, Jogging
68
What are the properties of muscles
Excitability- Muscle cells respond to stimuli. Contractibility- they are able to shorten in length. Extensibility- they are able to extend in length. Elasticity- They have the ability to stretch and return to their normal length.
69
What are the functions of the muscular system???
``` Body Movement Maintenance of Posture Temperature Regulation Support Gives our body shape ```
70
How does the muscular system contribute to body movement???
The coordinated function of bones, muscles and joints is to produce movement
71
How does the muscular system contribute to the maintenance of posture???
Body posture is kept intact through the contraction of specific skeletal muscles which stabilize our joints.
72
How does the muscular system contribute to temperature regulation???
Muscles generate heat when they contract When we are extremely cold we shiver and our muscles contract and relax to produce heat to bring our bodies temperature back to normal.
73
How does the muscular system contribute to the support of outlet body???
The muscular system protects our organs and supports the weight within the abdominal cavity
74
How does the muscular system contribute to our body shape???
The hw structure and layout of our muscles provide our body with its shape

Physical Education (1 decks)

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