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Physical Education > Section 2- Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Section 2- Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell???

A

Cells have long been recognized as the simplest units of living motto that can maintain life and reproduce. The human body made up of numerous cells begins as is single newly fertilized cell

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2
Q

What is a tissue

A

Tissue tissue is a little more complex than cells they are an organization of cells with varying amounts of non-living into the cellular substances between them

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3
Q

What are the four types of primary tissue?

A

Epithelial nervous connective and muscular tissue

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

Organs are more complex than tissues.

They are an organization of different tissues That are arranged together so that we can perform a special function

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5
Q

What are the classification of bones

A

1) long bones
- longer than they are wide and are usually found in the limbs of the body for movement.

2) short bones
- roughly the same length and width and are weight bearing

3) flat bones
- usually protect vital organs and provide surface area for muscles to attach

4) irregular bones
- odd shaped and do different functions from protection to muscle attachment points

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6
Q

Examples of short bones??

A

Carpals

Tarsals

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7
Q

Examples of long bones??

A 
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Metacarpals
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Metatarsal
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8
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Cranium
Scapula
Sternum
Ribs

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9
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

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10
Q

What is the role of long bones in sport?

A

Used to generate movement, speed and power through being pulled by muscles

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11
Q

What is the role of shorts bones in sport?

A

Used to stabilize the body through the bearing of weights and spreading of weight through the hands and feet

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12
Q

What is the role of flat bones in sports?

A

Used to protect vital organs on impact and provides a surface for muscles to attach to

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13
Q

What is the role of irregular bones

A

Protects the central nervous system which allows the brain to send signals throughout the body

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14
Q

Scenario
A tackle occurs in an American football match.
What bones is the defender utilizing and how is it helping him??

A

Part A
He is using long bones
Tibia fibula femur
Allowing the player to generate power in his legs to tackle his opponent.

Part B
Short bone
Tarsals
Spreading his weight evenly so that he is balanced when making the tackle

Part C
Flat bones
Cranium, ribs
Protecting his vital organs from injury when making the tackle

Part D
Irregular bones
Vertebrae
Allowing the player to bend and twist and also sending messages from his brain to all areas of his body

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15
Q

How many bones are in our skeleton

A

206 bones

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16
Q

What are the function of the skeletal system?

A 
Protection
Movement
Support/shape
Blood cell production
Mineral Storage
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17
Q

How does our skeleton protect our body?

A
  • The cranium protects the soft tissue of the brain
  • The rib cage protects the delicate internal organs.
  • the vertebrae protects the central nervous system
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18
Q

How does the skeletal system provide support/shape

A

Bones give a solid structure of support and bones are strong enough to support our bodies but light enough to allow movement

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19
Q

How does the skeleton provide movement

A

Bones meet with joints and work with muscles to generate movement

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20
Q

How does the skeleton produce blood cells

A

Red blood cells are used to carry oxygen around the body on a found in the bone marrow of long bones such as limbo ones which are our female humor us etc.

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21
Q

How does the skeletal system store minerals

A

Bones store essential minerals that are required for the body to function example calcium

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22
Q

What is the vertebral coloumn

A

The way to roll column is made up of 33 irregular bones called vertebrae which runs from the base of the skull to the pelvis

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23
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column

A

Functions to
Protect the spinal cord
Hold the body and head in an upright position
Allows your body to produce a wide range of movement

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24
Q

What is a joint

A

A joint is where two or more bones meet in the body and allow movement to occur

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25
Q

What are the types of joints

A 
Fixed joints(fibrous joints)
Slightly movable joints (cartilaginous joints)
Synovial joints(freely movable joints )
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26
Q

What are the types of synovial joints

A 
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Condyloid 
gliding
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27
Q

What are fixed joints

A

They do not allow any movement

E.g of fixed joints are the bones in our skull that are held together by fibrous connective tissue

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28
Q

What are slightly movable joints(cartilaginous joints)

A

They allow a small amount of movement
Found in the joints of the vertebral column, ribs and sternum
Linked by cartilage

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29
Q

What are synovial joints(freely movable joints)

A

The bones are linked by ligaments
A wide range of movement is available
Found in the limbs where motor activity is dominant including knee hip and shoulder

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30
Q

What does the ball and socket joint do

Where is it found in the body

A

Provides the widest range of movement

They are found in the hip and shoulder
Allow the arms and legs to move in any direction

Ligaments are often used to keep the joints stable

31
Q

What are hinge joints

Where are hinge joints found

A

These enable movements in only One Direction/plane

Will open until it is straight

Movement is limited because of the shape of the bones and the position of the ligaments

Hinge joints are located in the elbows and knees

32
Q

What are pivot joints and where are they located

A

Only rotation is possible [left/right, up/down]

Pivot joints are found in the vertebrae of the neck

NB: pivot joints allow rotation only and not circumduction (360 degrees)

33
Q

What are saddle joints

What type of movement do they allow

Why is movement limited

Where are they found

A

The bones are shaped like saddles and fit into each other

They allow movements in two planes at right angles to each other(back and fourth and side to side)

Movement is limited because of the shape of the bones

They are found in the thumb.

34
Q

What are condyloid bones

What type of movement do they allow

What do ligaments prevent

Where are they found

A

The rounded end of each bone fits into the hollow end of another.

Movements as possible in two planes(back and forth and side to side)

Ligaments prevent rotation

They are found in the wrist

35
Q

What are gliding(plane joints)

What type of movement do they allow

What are the movements limited by

Where are they found

A

Present between the surfaces of the two flat bones . One bone slides on top of the other providing slight movements in all directions

Ligaments limit the movement

They are found in the vertebrae and carpal bones in the hand

36
Q

What is flexion

A

Bending the joints

37
Q

Types of flexion in the ankle

A

Plantar flexion- point foot down

Dorsi Flexion- point the foot up

38
Q

What is extension

A

Straightening the joints

39
Q

What is circumduction

A

The movement of the joint 360°

40
Q

What is rotation

A

Open the joint left or right / up or down

41
Q

What is abduction

A

Moving away from the body

42
Q

What is a adduction

A

Moving towards the body

43
Q

What is the type of movement allowed in a ball and socket joint

A

Circumduction, flexion, rotation, extension, abduction, adduction.

44
Q

What type of movement is allowed at the hinge joint

A

Flexion, extension.

45
Q

What type of movement is allowed any pivot joints

A

Rotation only

46
Q

What type of movement is allowed at the saddle Joints

A

Flexion and extension, Abduction and adduction

47
Q

What type of movement is allowed at the condyloid joint

A

Flexion and extension

Abduction and adduction

48
Q

What type of movement is allowed at the gliding [plane] joint

A

No bending or circular movement

49
Q

What is spongy bone

A

Lightweights and has the appearance of needle-like pieces of bone with large spaces between them

50
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Dense and forms the outer layer of all bones

51
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

Bones along the central axis of the body

Skull
Ribs
Vertebral column
Sternum

52
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton

A

Bones in the shoulder/pectoral girdle, arms, pelvic girdle, legs

53
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A though but flexible tissue

Hyaline cartilage is found at the ends of of our bones in all our synovial joints. It is different s from other forms of cartilage found in the body.

We have pads of rough cartilage in the knee and vertebral column which act as shock absorbers

54
Q

What are tendons

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

55
Q

What are ligaments

A

Dense connective tissue that connect bone to bone

They encase Joints to prevent dislocation

They limit the movement capabilities of the joints

56
Q

What three(3) things that our muscles do?

A 
They enable us to move our body parts
They give us our own individual shape
Protect and keep in place our abdominal organs
Enable us to maintain a good posture
Generate body heat when they contract.
57
Q

What are the types of muscles in our body?

A
  1. Cardiac or heart muscle
  2. Smooth or Involuntary muscle
  3. Skeletal or voluntary muscle
58
Q

What does cardiac muscle do?
Where is it’s located
What type of movement does it produce (conscious or unconscious)

A

Only found in the walls of the heart.

No conscious control

Provides an automatic, constant and rhythmic pumping action to distribute blood throughout the body.

It is an involuntary muscle under the control of the central nervous system

59
Q

What does smooth muscle do?
Where is it’s located
What type of movement does it produce (conscious or unconscious)

A

Found in the walls of blood vessels, digestive system and bladder

No conscious control

Assists the body in controlling blood flow, digesting food and remove waste products

Takes longer to contract than the skeletal muscles but can’t stay contracted for a long period of time

60
Q

What does skeletal muscle do?
Where is it’s located
What type of movement does it produce (conscious or unconscious)
When do we use our skeletal muscles??

A

They are attached to our skeleton through tendons

They produce all conscious movement in the body

When in use they become fatigued and require rest an relaxtion to recover to their original state.

Used in physical activity
Eg. If we want to pick up a ball, throw a discus/javelin. Used for explosive movements such as a 100m sprint as well as fine movements like threading a needle

61
Q

What are the three main types of muscular contraction??
And what happens to the muscles
Also when do the muscle work in that way

A

Isotonic concentric
Isotonic eccentric
Isometric

Isotonic contractions with muscles working concentrically:
• Our muscles shorten as they contract
•The ends of the muscle moves closer together
•our biceps work this way when we do a pull-up

Isotonic contractions with our muscles working eccentrically
• our muscles lengthen as the contract under tension
•The ends of our muscles move further apart
• our biceps work this way when we lower our body from the pull up position

Isometric contraction
• our muscles stay the same length as the contract
• there is no movement, so the ends of the muscles stay the same distance apart.
• our shoulder muscles work this way in a game of tug-of-war

62
Q

What are the skeletal (voluntary) muscles and where are they located on the body ???

A 
Deltoid
Trapezius
Pectoral
Bicep
Tricep
Abdominals
External Obliques
Latissimus Dorsi
Hip Flexor
Gluteus Maximus
Quadriceps
Hamstring
Gastrocnemius
63
Q

How many individual muscles are there in the body???

A

650 muscles

64
Q

What % of a persons body weight do muscles make up

A

40%

65
Q

What are muscle fibers?

A

Our muscles are made up of many threadlike fibres packed together in bundles

66
Q

What are fast twitch muscles?

What sports/ activities utilize them

A

These are muscle fibers that:

Do not have a good oxygen supply

Tire very quickly(Lasts about 30secs - 2mins)

Are stronger than slow-twitch fibres

Contract very quickly and powerfully with a high degree of force

Are designated to work anaerobically which means they create energy using the bodies existing stores

Suited to sports that require frequent bursts of high energy- high intensity exercise

Sports/activities that utilize fast-twitch muscle Fibres
Football, Netball, Rugby, Tennis, Shot put, Sprints, long Jump

67
Q

What are slow twitch muscle fibres

What sports/activities utilize them

A

These are muscle fibres that:

Have a very good oxygen supply

Work for a long time without tiring

Are not as strong as our fast twitch fibers

Take longer to contract

Designated to work aerobically which means they use oxygen to create energy

Used in low intensity, high - endurance events

Sports/activities that utilize slow twitch fibres
Marathon, Triathlons, rowing, Jogging

68
Q

What are the properties of muscles

A

Excitability- Muscle cells respond to stimuli.

Contractibility- they are able to shorten in length.

Extensibility- they are able to extend in length.

Elasticity- They have the ability to stretch and return to their normal length.

69
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system???

A 
Body Movement
Maintenance of Posture
Temperature Regulation
Support
Gives our body shape
70
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to body movement???

A

The coordinated function of bones, muscles and joints is to produce movement

71
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to the maintenance of posture???

A

Body posture is kept intact through the contraction of specific skeletal muscles which stabilize our joints.

72
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to temperature regulation???

A

Muscles generate heat when they contract

When we are extremely cold we shiver and our muscles contract and relax to produce heat to bring our bodies temperature back to normal.

73
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to the support of outlet body???

A

The muscular system protects our organs and supports the weight within the abdominal cavity

74
Q

How does the muscular system contribute to our body shape???

A

The hw structure and layout of our muscles provide our body with its shape

Physical Education (1 decks)

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