Section 2

Question 1

Organizational structure

Answer 1

The internal formal framework of a business that shows the way in which management is organized and linked together, and how authority is passed through the organization

Question 2

Functional structure

Answer 2

Departments have clearly defined roles and responsibilities in a specialist area such as marketing, finance, HR, or operations

Question 3

Functional manager

Answer 3

Senior employee who has authority over a complete organization unit

Question 4

Hierarchical structure

Answer 4

A structure consisting of multiple levels in which all members of the organization, apart from one are subordinate to someone else

Question 5

Level of hierarchy

Answer 5

A stage of the organizational structure where all personal have equal status and authority

Question 6

Span of control

Answer 6

The number of subordinate employees directly accountable to the manager

Question 7

Chain of command

Answer 7

This is the route through which authority from the chief executive and board of directors is passed down through an organization

Question 8

Divisional organization structure

Answer 8

A structure that organizes the activities of a business around geographical areas or product groups

Question 9

Delayering

Answer 9

Removal of one or more of the levels of hierarchy from an organizational structure

Question 10

Matrix structure

Answer 10

An organizational structure that creates project teams that cut across traditional functional departments

Question 11

Delegation

Answer 11

Passing authority down the organizational hierarchy

Question 12

Accountability

Answer 12

The obligation of the individual to account for and explain their actions and to disclose the results of their work honestly

Question 13

Control

Answer 13

To measure and supervise an employee’s performance

Question 14

Authority

Answer 14

The power to give orders and make decisions

Question 15

Centralisation

Answer 15

Keeping all the important decision-making powers within head office or the centre of the organization

Question 16

Decentralization

Answer 16

Decision-making powers are passed down the hierarchy to empower subordinates and area/product managers

Question 17

Line manager

Answer 17

Managers who have direct authority over people, decisions and resources within the hierarchy of an organization

Question 18

Staff manager

Answer 18

Managers who, as specialists, provide support, information and assistance to senior managers

Question 19

Effective communication

Answer 19

The exchange of information between people or groups, with feedback

Question 20

Communication methods

Answer 20

The media used to communicate messages

Question 21

Visual communication

Answer 21

Conveying information or ideas in forms that can be seen

Question 22

Spoken communication

Answer 22

Sending messages by word of mouth between two or more people

Question 23

Written communication

Answer 23

Any type of message that makes use of written words

Question 24

Electronic communication

Answer 24

Sending messages using media such as computers, email or video conference

Question 25

Information overload

Answer 25

The receipt of too much information, preventing important messages being identified and acted upon

Question 26

Formal communication channels

Answer 26

The official communication networks and routes used within an organization

Question 27

One way communication

Answer 27

Messages sent in one direction, from sender to receiver, with no feedback

Question 28

Two way communication

Answer 28

Messages sent between 2 or more people involving the transmission of messages that encourage response and feedback

Question 29

Vertical communication

Answer 29

When people from different levels in a hierarchy communicate with each other

Question 30

Horizontal communication

Answer 30

When people on the same level of the hierarchy communicate with each other

Question 31

Communication barriers

Answer 31

Reasons why communication fails

Question 32

Informal communication

Answer 32

Unofficial channels of communication that exist between informal groups within an organization

Question 33

Leadership

Answer 33

The art of motivating a group of people towards achieving a common objective

Question 34

Informal leader

Answer 34

A person who has no formal authority but has the respect of colleagues and some power over them

Question 35

Emotional intelligence (EI)

Answer 35

The ability to understand one’s own emotions, and those of others, to achieve better business performance

Question 36

Emotional quotient (EQ)

Answer 36

The level of a person’s emotional intelligence as recorded in a standardized test

Question 37

HRM Strategy

Answer 37

A long-term plan for the management of an organization’s HR

Question 38

Soft HRM

Answer 38

An approach to managing employees that focuses on their development so that they reach self-fulfillment and are motivated to work hard and stay with the business

Question 39

Hard HRM

Answer 39

An approach to managing employees that focuses on cutting costs

Question 40

Full time employment contract

Answer 40

Permanent employment contract that is for completing a working week

Question 41

Permanent employment contract

Answer 41

A contract that employs a worker unless they are dismissed, made redundant or decide to leave the organization

Question 42

Temporary contact

Answer 42

The contract is only offered for a fixed point of time, such as six months. The contract can be renewed, but the employer doesn’t need to do this

Question 43

Part-time contract

Answer 43

Workers are only contracted to work for a certain number of hours each week (less than a full-time working week)

Question 44

Zero-hours contract

Answer 44

Employment contract that doesn’t guarantee minimum number of hours per week, but the worker is expected to be available when called by the employer

Question 45

Gig economy

Answer 45

An employment mix in which temporary flexible jobs are common and workers are hired as independent contractors or freelance employee (Also called contract labor)

Question 46

Flexible employment contract

Answer 46

A contract that allows employees more control over their work-life balance, including options to work from home, flexible start and finish times, to work part time or job share

Question 47

Flexitime arrangement

Answer 47

A flexible way of working that allows employees to fit their working hours around their working hours around their individual needs, and accommodate other commitments outside of work

Question 48

Home working

Answer 48

When an employee works from home, often for a specific number of days per week, but keeps contact with office by means of modern IT communications/teleworking

Question 49

Annualized hours contract

Answer 49

A contract offering a specific number of hours of work over the whole year, but with some flexibility about when those hours are worked

Question 50

Job sharing

Answer 50

A work schedule in which two employees voluntarily share responsibilities of one full time job. They receive a salary and benefits on a pro-rata basis

Question 51

Compressed working hours

Answer 51

The number of hours per week of a full-time job, but worked in fewer days (eg. 4/10: working 4 days for 10 hours)

Question 52

Shift work

Answer 52

Work that takes place on a schedule outside the traditional 9am-5pm day. It can involve evening or night shifts, early morning shifts and rotating shifts

Question 53

Absenteeism

Answer 53

A measure of the rate of workforce absence as a proportion of the employees total