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PHGY 216 mod 1 > Section 2 > Flashcards

Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the response time like for nervous control in comparison to endocrine control?

A

Nervous control - rapid responses (milliseconds)

Endocrine control - slow responses (minutes to hours)

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2
Q

What is the duration of effects like for nervous control in comparison to endocrine control?

A

Nervous control: brief in duration (ends when stimulus stops)

Endocrine control: Long in duration (effects persist after stimulus stops)

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3
Q

What is the number of targets like for nervous control in comparison to endocrine control?

A

Nervous control: hard-wired to one specific target (muscle or gland)

Endocrine control: many different targets in the body (blood circulates)

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4
Q

True or false: The two lobes of the pituitary gland communicate with each other.

A

False

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5
Q

True or false: The anatomical and functional characteristics of the lobes in the pituitary gland are similar.

A

False. The two lobes of the pituitary gland are both anatomically and functionally distinct from each other.

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6
Q

True or false: The pituitary gland is situated in a bony cavity at the base of the skull.

A

True

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7
Q

True or false: The anterior pituitary gland is comprised of neural-like tissues.

A

False

Explanation: The anterior pituitary gland is comprised of glandular epithelial tissues, not neural-like tissues.

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8
Q

True or false: The posterior pituitary gland is sometimes referred to as the neurohypophysis.

A

True

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9
Q

True or false: The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the adenohypophysis.

A

True

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10
Q

True or false: The posterior pituitary gland is made up of glandular epithelial tissues.

A

False. The posterior pituitary gland is comprised of neural-like tissues, not glandular epithelial tissues.

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11
Q

True or false: The term “neurohypophysis” is associated with the anterior pituitary gland.

A

False. The term “neurohypophysis” is associated with the posterior pituitary gland.

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12
Q

What is the composition of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

The posterior pituitary gland is comprised of neural-like tissues and is sometimes called the neurohypophysis.

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13
Q

What type of tissues make up the anterior pituitary gland?

A

The anterior pituitary gland is comprised of glandular epithelial tissues and is also called the adenohypophysis.

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14
Q

How do both the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland contribute to endocrine regulation?

A

Both the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland release hormones that regulate the functions of other endocrine glands or organs.

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15
Q

How does the hypothalamus control hormone release in the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by neural pathways, with axons from clusters of neurons (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) projecting down the pituitary stalk to terminate on blood vessels in the posterior pituitary.

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16
Q

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system, a unique vascular link.

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17
Q

How does the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system function in the regulation of the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

The hypothalamus secretes hormones into the portal system, carrying them directly to the anterior pituitary. These hormones either inhibit or promote the release of anterior pituitary hormones, influencing endocrine activity.

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18
Q

Define Pituitary stalk and its role in the endocrine system.

A

Pituitary stalk is the narrow region connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary. It serves as a pathway for neural communication between the two structures.

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19
Q

Explain the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system.

A

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system consists of arteries and capillaries that carry blood and releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. It plays a crucial role in regulating anterior pituitary hormone release.

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20
Q

Where are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland synthesized?

A

The hormones of the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized in neuron cell bodies located within the hypothalamus, not in the posterior pituitary gland itself.

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21
Q

True or false: Hormones are NOT produced in the posterior pituitary gland.

A

True. Hormones are not produced in the posterior pituitary gland itself, rather, the hormones are synthesized in the neuron cell bodies located within the hypothalamus.

Once synthesized, they are packaged into vesicles which are transported down the axons to the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary.

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22
Q

How are hormones transported from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

Once synthesized in the hypothalamus, hormones are packaged into vesicles and transported down the axons to the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary.

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23
Q

What triggers the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

When an appropriate stimulus reaches the hypothalamus, neurons transmit an action potential, leading to the release of hormone-containing vesicles into the blood.

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24
Q

Name the hormone of the posterior pituitary that is also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

A

Vasopressin is the hormone of the posterior pituitary that is also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

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25
Q

What are the two major actions of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)?

A

Vasopressin has two major actions: 1) enhancing the retention of water by the kidneys; and 2) causing contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle.

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26
Q

Which physiological effect of vasopressin is considered the most important?

A

The antidiuretic effect of vasopressin, involving the enhancement of water retention by the kidneys, is the most physiologically important.

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27
Q

Name the hormone of the posterior pituitary associated with stimulating uterine smooth muscle contraction during childbirth.

A

Oxytocin is the hormone associated with stimulating uterine smooth muscle contraction during childbirth.

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28
Q

What is one of the roles of oxytocin in breastfeeding?

A

One of the roles of oxytocin is promoting milk ejection during breastfeeding.

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29
Q

What are the two major roles of oxytocin?

A

1) stimulating contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells during childbirth

2) promoting milk ejection during breastfeeding

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30
Q

What are the two major actions of vasopressin?

A

1) nephrons in the kidney: increases permeability of distal and collecting tubules to H2O

2) arterioles throughout the body: causes vasoconstriction

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31
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland synthesize and release?

A

The anterior pituitary gland synthesizes and releases six hormones, all of which are peptide hormones.

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32
Q

What are the six hormones that the anterior pituitary gland synthesizes and releases?

A

Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or adrenocorticotropin)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Prolactin (PRL)

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33
Q

What term describes most of the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Most of the anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones.

34
Q

Define tropic hormones.

A

Tropic hormones, once released, stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones.

35
Q

What is the function of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH or Thyrotropin)?

A

TSH stimulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland

36
Q

In females, what are the functions of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?

A

In females, LH is responsible for ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum, and stimulation of estrogen and progesterone secretion from the ovaries.

37
Q

In males, what are the functions of Luteinizing Hormone (LH)?

A

Stimulates the release of testosterone from the interstitial cells of Leydig

38
Q

Is prolactin present in males?

A

Yes, but its physiological purpose in males is not clear

39
Q

What is the physiological purpose of Prolactin (PRL) in females?

A

In females, Prolactin enhances breast development and milk production.

40
Q

What is the role of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in females?

A

In females, FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles and promotes the secretion of estrogen by the ovaries.

41
Q

What is FSH required for in males?

A

Sperm production

42
Q

What is Growth Hormone (GH or Somatotropin) primarily responsible for?

A

Growth Hormone is primarily responsible for regulating overall body growth and is also involved in metabolism.

43
Q

What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulate?

A

ACTH stimulates the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.

44
Q

Which hormone is involved in:

Uterine contraction during birth and milk ejection during
breastfeeding

A

Oxytocin

45
Q

Which hormone is involved in:

Regulation of body growth and metabolism

A

GH

46
Q

Which hormone is involved in:

Growth and development of ovarian follicles, sperm production

A

FSH

47
Q

Which hormone is involved in:

Water retention by kidneys and arteriolar smooth muscle contraction

A

Vasopressin

48
Q

Which hormone is involved in:

Cortisol secretion by adrenal cortex

A

ACTH

49
Q

Which hormone is involved in:

Breast development and milk production

A

PRL

50
Q

Which hormone is involved in:

Release of hormones from the thyroid gland

A

TSH

51
Q

Which hormone is involved in:

Ovulation and corpus luteum formation

A

LH

52
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

A

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system serves as a vascular link between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary, allowing the regulation of anterior pituitary hormones.

53
Q

What types of hormones are produced by neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus for the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus produce hypophysiotropic hormones, which include both releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones.

54
Q

How do hypophysiotropic hormones enter the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Hypophysiotropic hormones produced by neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus enter the hypothalamic capillaries.

55
Q

What is the structure formed by the rejoining of hypothalamic capillaries in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

A

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system is formed as hypothalamic capillaries rejoin.

56
Q

How does the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system branch in relation to the anterior pituitary?

A

The portal system branches into the capillaries of the anterior pituitary.

57
Q

What is the function of hypophysiotropic hormones in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Hypophysiotropic hormones control the release of anterior pituitary hormones when they leave the blood across the anterior pituitary capillaries.

58
Q

When the anterior pituitary is stimulated by the appropriate hypothalamic releasing hormone, what does it secrete into the capillaries?

A

When stimulated by the appropriate hypothalamic releasing hormone, the anterior pituitary secretes a given hormone into the capillaries.

59
Q

How do anterior pituitary hormones leave the anterior pituitary for distribution throughout the body?

A

The anterior pituitary hormones leave through a vein formed by the rejoining of anterior pituitary capillaries, ultimately entering the systemic circulation for distribution throughout the body.

60
Q

What primarily controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

The release of anterior pituitary hormones is primarily controlled by hormones produced in the hypothalamus.

61
Q

What is the role of Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)?

A

GHIH inhibits the release of growth hormone and TSH.

62
Q

Which hormone inhibits the release of prolactin?

A

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) inhibits the release of prolactin.

63
Q

What is the function of Prolactin-Releasing Hormone (PRH)?

A

PRH stimulates the release of prolactin.

64
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release of TSH and prolactin?

A

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) stimulates the release of TSH and prolactin.

65
Q

What does Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) stimulate the release of?

A

GHRH stimulates the release of growth hormone.

66
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release of FHS and LH?

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of FHS and LH.

67
Q

What does Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) stimulate the release of?

A

CRH stimulates the release of ACTH (corticotropin).

68
Q

What inputs regulate the hypothalamic neurons that secrete hormones?

A

Hypothalamic neurons that secrete hormones receive a vast array of inputs, including both neuronal and hormonal inputs, and both inhibitory and stimulatory inputs.

69
Q

Why is the hypothalamic control of pituitary output considered complex?

A

The hypothalamic control of pituitary output is complex due to the diverse nature of inputs received by hypothalamic neurons, which include both inhibitory and stimulatory inputs from both neuronal and hormonal sources.

70
Q

True or false: Sections of the hypothalamus lack a blood-brain barrier?

A

True

71
Q

How does the absence of a blood-brain barrier in certain hypothalamic sections impact the regulation of pituitary output?

A

The absence of a blood-brain barrier allows the hypothalamus to sample or monitor the blood, responding to circulating chemicals and changes in plasma composition such as osmolarity.

72
Q

What is the significance of the connection between the hypothalamus and brain areas involved in stress and emotion?

A

The connection between the hypothalamus and brain areas involved in stress and emotion is significant because it can lead to hypothalamic hormonal release.

73
Q

Can stress influence the regulation of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A

Yes, it is an important factor in this

74
Q

Define Blood-brain barrier.

A

The blood-brain barrier is a highly-selective semi-permeable membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord that separates the circulating blood from the central nervous system.

75
Q

What is the typical hierarchic chain of command involving hypothalamic hormones?

A

In most cases, hypothalamic hormones are involved in a three-hormone hierarchic chain of command. The hypothalamic hormone is released into the portal system, travels to the pituitary gland to regulate the output of a tropic hormone. This tropic hormone is then transported by the systemic circulation to its target endocrine gland, where it regulates secretion of the third hormone, producing a physiological effect.

The hormone ultimately secreted by the target gland acts in a negative-feedback fashion to reduce
secretion of the regulatory hormones higher in the chain of command.

76
Q

In response to stress, the hypothalamus increases its secretion of __________

a) epinephrine
b) corticotropin-releasing hormone
c) oxytocin
d) vasopressin

A

b)

77
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the _________ pituitary to release _________.

a) Anterior, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
b) Posterior, Cortisol
c) Anterior, Corticotropin-releasing hormone
d) Posterior, Corticotropin-releasing hormone

A

a)

78
Q

ACTH acts on the adrenal _________ to release _________.

a) Cortex, Corticotropin-releasing Hormone
b) Gland, Cortisol
c) Cortex, Cortisol
d) Medulla, Cortiso

A

c)

79
Q

Cortisol can acts in a negative feedback fashion to reduce the secretion of regulatory hormones from the __________ and ___________.

a) Hypothalamus, Posterior Pituitary
b) Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary
c) Adrenal Cortex, Anterior Pituitary
d) Anterior Pituitary, Posterior Pituitary

A

b)

80
Q
A

PHGY 216 mod 1 (7 decks)

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