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PHGY 215 Mod 5 > Section 2 > Flashcards

Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the heart functionally divided?

A

The heart is functionally divided into two pumps, the left and right sides, separated by the septum.

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2
Q

What are the two main chambers in each pump of the heart?

A

Each pump of the heart has an upper chamber called the atrium and a lower chamber called the ventricle.

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3
Q

What is the role of the atria in the heart?

A

The atria receive the blood returning to the heart and transfer it to the ventricles.

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4
Q

What is the function of the ventricles in the heart?

A

The ventricles pump the blood out of the heart.

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5
Q

What are the vessels that carry blood away from the heart called?

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries.

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6
Q

What do the vessels that return blood to the heart from the body and lungs are called?

A

Vessels that return blood to the heart are called veins.

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7
Q

What is the consistent direction of blood flow in veins and arteries?

A

Veins always carry blood towards the heart, and arteries always carry blood away from the heart, regardless of whether it is oxygenated or not.

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8
Q

Describe the sequential steps in the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

A
  1. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta, a very large artery.
  2. This oxygen-rich blood is delivered to various tissues and organs.
  3. At the level of tissues and organs, oxygen and other nutrients are removed from the blood, while carbon dioxide and other waste products are added.
  4. The oxygen-poor blood circulates in the veins and eventually returns to the right atria via two large veins called the venae cavae.
  5. The blood is then pumped into the right ventricle and pumped out through the pulmonary artery, taking the blood to the lungs.
  6. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is removed, and oxygen is added to the blood.
  7. The now oxygen-rich blood flows through the pulmonary vein into the left atria, where it is pumped into the left ventricle to start the circuit again.
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9
Q

Why is it important for blood to flow in one direction in the circulatory system?

A

To maintain a constant delivery of oxygen-rich blood to tissues and organs.

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10
Q

How is unidirectional blood flow ensured within the heart?

A

Unidirectional blood flow within the heart is ensured by the presence of four pressure-operated valves.

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11
Q

What happens when the pressure is greater behind a cardiac valve?

A

When the pressure is greater behind a valve, it opens to allow blood flow.

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12
Q

How does a valve respond when the pressure decreases?

A

When the pressure decreases, the valves shut to prevent blood from flowing backward.

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13
Q

Explain the concept of a pressure-operated valve.

A

Pressure-operated valves open when the pressure is greater behind them, allowing blood flow, and close when the pressure is greater in front of them to prevent backward flow. They act as one-way valves.

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14
Q

Where are atrioventricular (AV) valves located in the heart?

A

AV valves are located between the atria and the ventricles.

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15
Q

When do atrioventricular valves open, and what is the direction of blood flow?

A

AV valves open when the pressure inside the atria is greater than in the ventricles, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles.

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16
Q

When do atrioventricular valves close, and why?

A

AV valves close when ventricular pressure increases and becomes greater than the pressure in the atria to prevent backflow of blood.

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17
Q

How are atrioventricular valves connected to the papillary muscles of the ventricular walls?

A

Atrioventricular valves are connected to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae to prevent them from everting.

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18
Q

What is the right AV valve commonly known as, and why?

A

The right AV valve is known as the tricuspid valve because it has three cusps or leaflets

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19
Q

What is the left AV valve commonly known as, and why?

A

The left AV valve is known as the bicuspid valve, or mitral valve, because it has two leaflets.

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20
Q

Define Papillary Muscles.

A

Muscles located in the ventricles of the heart.

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21
Q

Define Chordae Tendineae.

A

ord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular valves in the heart. They are also known as the heart strings.

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22
Q

Where are semilunar valves located in the heart?

A

Semilunar valves are located between the ventricles and the arteries leaving them.

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23
Q

What is the location of the pulmonary valve, and which ventricle does it connect to?

A

The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

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24
Q

What is the location of the aortic valve, and which ventricle does it connect to?

A

The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

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25
Q

Why are they called semilunar valves?

A

They are called semilunar valves due to their shape, resembling half-moons.

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26
Q

How many leaflets do semilunar valves contain?

A

Semilunar valves contain three leaflets each.

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27
Q

How do semilunar valves differ from atrioventricular (AV) valves in terms of chordae tendineae?

A

Unlike AV valves, semilunar valves have no chordae tendineae.

28
Q

What prevents semilunar valves from inverting when arterial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure?

A

The shape of semilunar valves alone prevents them from inverting when arterial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure.

29
Q

What is valvular heart disease (VHD), and what are its primary forms?

A

Valvular heart disease is the dysfunction of any heart valve and primarily arises in two forms: regurgitation and stenosis.

30
Q

Define regurgitation in the context of valvular heart disease.

A

Regurgitation occurs when a heart valve does not close properly, causing blood to flow back into the compartment from which it came. This can lead to a decrease in blood leaving the heart, irregular heart rhythms, and unnecessary stress on the walls, potentially leading to cardiac failure.

31
Q

What are the potential consequences of regurgitation in valvular heart disease?

A

Regurgitation can lead to a decrease in blood leaving the heart, irregular heart rhythms, and unnecessary stress on the walls due to volume overload, all of which can eventually lead to cardiac failure.

32
Q

Define stenosis in the context of valvular heart disease.

A

Stenosis is a form of valvular heart disease characterized by a narrowing of the valve due to thickening or inflammation. It inhibits the flow of blood out of the ventricle or atria, requiring the heart to pump blood with increased force to maintain flow to the rest of the body.

33
Q

What is a common consequence of stenosis in valvular heart disease?

A

Stenosis forces the heart to pump blood with increased force to maintain flow to the rest of the body.

34
Q

What is the structural characteristic of cardiac muscle regarding filaments?

A

Cardiac muscle is striated with thick and thin filaments organized into sarcomeres.

35
Q

What are the primary sites for the activation of cross-bridge activity in cardiac muscle?

A

Troponin and tropomyosin are the primary sites where Ca2+ activates cross-bridge activity in cardiac muscle.

36
Q

What is the role of t-tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in cardiac muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle has t-tubules and a well-defined SR, contributing to excitation-contraction coupling.

37
Q

What is the mitochondria content like in cardiac muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle contains lots of mitochondria, emphasizing its high energy demand.

38
Q

What characteristic relationship does cardiac muscle have regarding length and tension?

A

Cardiac muscle has a well-defined length-tension relationship.

39
Q

Where does Ca2+ come from in cardiac muscle?

A

Ca2+ comes from both the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in cardiac muscle.

40
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells interconnected?

A

Cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by gap junctions, allowing the spread of excitation.

41
Q

How is cardiac muscle innervated, and what is the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Cardiac muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to modify the rate and strength of contraction

42
Q

How are muscle fibers in cardiac muscle connected?

A

Muscle fibers in cardiac muscle are connected in a branched manner.

43
Q

True or false: Cardiac muscle is characterized by striations with thick and thin filaments organized into sarcomeres.

A

True

44
Q

True or False: In cardiac muscle, the activation of cross-bridge activity primarily involves troponin and tropomyosin.

A

True

45
Q

True or False: Cardiac muscle lacks t-tubules and a well-defined sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

A

False

46
Q

True or False: Cardiac muscle has a low mitochondrial content.

A

False

47
Q

True or False: The length-tension relationship in cardiac muscle is not well-defined.

A

False

48
Q

True or False: Ca2+ in cardiac muscle comes solely from the extracellular fluid (ECF).

A

False

49
Q

True or False: Cardiac muscle cells are not interconnected by gap junctions.

A

False

50
Q

True or False: Muscle fibers in cardiac muscle are connected in a linear manner.

A

False

51
Q

True or False: Cardiac muscle cells have well-defined sarcomeres, similar to skeletal muscle cells.

A

True

52
Q

True or False: A single cardiac muscle cell runs the entire length of the heart.

A

False

53
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells arranged in terms of size and connection?

A

Cardiac muscle cells are much smaller and are connected end-to-end to form a branching network of cardiac fibers.

54
Q

What specialized structures connect end-to-end cardiac muscle cells?

A

Intercalated discs connect end-to-end cardiac muscle cells

55
Q

What is the purpose of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated discs facilitate the end-to-end connections of cardiac muscle cells, allowing coordinated contraction.

56
Q

What are the two types of membrane junctions found in intercalated discs of cardiac muscle?

A

Desmosomes and gap junctions.

57
Q

What is the role of desmosomes in intercalated discs?

A

Desmosomes mechanically hold the cardiac muscle cells together.

58
Q

What is the function of gap junctions in intercalated discs?

A

Gap junctions allow communication between cardiac muscle cells, facilitating the spread of action potentials from cell to cell.

59
Q

How do desmosomes contribute to the structural integrity of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Desmosomes mechanically hold the cells together, providing structural support.

60
Q

What is the significance of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?

A

Gap junctions permit each wave of excitation to spread quickly through the atria and ventricles, facilitating coordinated contraction in a wave-like motion.

61
Q

How do you think the muscle fibres of the heart are arranged in order to create the necessary pressure
to pump blood throughout the body?

A

The muscle fibres of the heart are arranged in a spiral fashion around its circumference. Because of
this, when the muscle fibres contract they cause a squeezing or wringing of the heart that generates
pressure in the chambers

62
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardial sac?

A

The pericardial sac protects the heart from the rest of the chest cavity, providing it with support during constant motion.

63
Q

How does the pericardial sac achieve its protective function?

A

The pericardial sac is a double-walled membrane with two layers, the fibrous layer, and the serous layer, which lubricate the heart to prevent friction during activity.

64
Q

What is the function of the fibrous layer of the pericardium?

A

The fibrous layer anchors the heart to the surrounding walls, keeping it in place during movement, and prevents it from overfilling with blood.

65
Q

How is the serous pericardium divided, and what are its layers?

A

The serous pericardium is divided into the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium.

66
Q

What is the role of the serous layers in the pericardium?

A

The serous layers lubricate the heart with pericardial fluid, preventing friction during activity.

67
Q
A

PHGY 215 Mod 5 (7 decks)

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