Section 2 Flashcards
anterior spinal artery supplies…
midline of the medulla
posterior anterior cerebellar artery supplies…
the lateral aspect of the medulla and cerebellum
medial medullary syndrome results from…
occlusion of the anterior spinal artery
medial medullary syndrome affects…
corticospinal tracts (trunk and limbs)
medial lemniscus (contralateral loss of proprioception and discriminating touch)
hypoglossal nerve roots (ipsilateral paralysis of tongue)
lateral medullary syndrome results from…
occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery
lateral medullary syndrome affects…
vestibular nuclei, CN VIII (nystagmus, nausea, vertigo)
nucleus ambiguous, CN IX, X (ipsilateral speech, gag, and swallowing issues)
spinothalamic tracts (contralateral loss of pain and temp)
spinal nucleus tracts of CN V (ipsilateral loss of pain and temp of face)
retina development results from…
outgrowth of the prosencephalon
optic vesicles
evagination from the prosencephalon at 4 weeks
neural retina
inner layer of prosencephalon (optic vesicle)
retinal pigmented epithelium
outer layer of prosencephalon (optic vesicle)
lens and cornea form from…
surface ectoderm
choroid (vascular) and sclera (protective) derive from…
mesenchyme (mesoderm and neural crest, respectively)
sclera
continuous with dura mater (meningeal sheath) around the optic nerve
the optic nerve is covered by all three layers of the meninges
true
effect of elevated CSF pressure on the eye
expansion of the subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve (increased pressure behind the eye)
papilledema
clinical presentation of increased CSF around the optic nerve (blurred disc margins behind the eye)
why there is a discussion about the optic nerve being a CNS tract
- retina is part of CNS: it connects two parts of the CNS
- it is covered in meninges
- the fibres of the optic nerve are myelinated by oligodendrocytes
choroid
blood supply source to the retina
internal carotid artery –> ophthalmic artery –> posterior ciliary arteries –> choroid
central retinal artery
blood supply source to the retina
cornea
continuous with the sclera
transparent window of the eye that forms the anterior border
refraction (focusing light on the retina)
ciliary epithelium
produces aqueous humour and vitreous
anterior chamber
between the lens and cornea, filled with aqueous humour
vitreous
present at birth
fills space between retina and lens
ciliary muscles
connect to the lens by the zonules and adjust the refracting power of the lens
iris
borders the pupil
how to reduce or increase the diameter of the pupil
spincter and dilator muscles contract, respectively
retina is conserved across all vertibrates
true
path of information in the eye
rods and cones
horizontal cells
bipolar cells
amacrine cells
ganglion cells (form optic nerve)
outer plexiform layer
where rods and cones contact the dendrites of horizontal and bipolar cells
inner plexiform layer
where bipolar cells contact the dendrites of amacrine and ganglion cells
which segment of rods and cones is light-sensitive?
outer segments (has photopigment in the discs composed of opsin and retinaldehyde)
what happens when light hits retinal?
it changes conformation from 11-cis to all-trans
fovea
region of highest cone density for high acuity vision
macula
yellow pigment over the fovea to protect from UV and enhance light by filtering blue light
optic disc
where axons of retinal ganglion cells exit through the retina to form the optic nerve (blind spot)
why are foveal cones curved on their axons?
the axons must travel laterally to provide synaptic input to bipolar cells and horizontal cells
human rod threshold
starlight to sunset
human cone threshold
moonlight to sunny
rhodopsin
photopigment in human rods
498nm
photopsins
photopigment in human cones
420, 534, 564 nm
how is colour vision made possible?
differential stimulation of each cone by different wavelengths
ON center cells
response increases when the central part of the receptive field is brighter than the background
OFF center cells
response increases when the center is dimmer than the background
response of ON center cells to light in the center
bipolar cells are depolarized and ganglion cells increase their firing rate
response of OFF center cells to light in the center
bipolar cells are hyperpolarized and ganglion cells decrease their firing rate
role of horizontal cells in receptive fields
perform lateral inhibition on the synpase between the photoreceptors and bipolar cells
the indirect pathway
when does the retina signal the brain about light?
when there is a difference between the center and surround (contrast)
where do ganglion cells project to?
the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
parvocellular ganglion cells
smaller, numerous, associated with foveal cones, encode colour and form
magnocellular ganglion cells
larger, less numerous, present throughout the retina, sensitive to movement
nasal retinal ganglion cells project…
contralaterally and cross at the optic chiasma
temporal retina projects…
ipsilaterally
the right hemi-field of vision is represented on the ______ side of the brain
left
optic tract
fibres of ganglion cells axons after the optic chiasma
where do parvocellular and magnocellular ganglion cells project?
anatomically discrete layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus (some layers are crossed and some are uncrossed)
Meyer’s loop
fibres carrying the representation of the superior visual filed pass through the temporal lobe, looping around the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
optic radiations
projects of the marvocellular and parvocellular ganglion cells to the primary visual cortex from the LGN
where do fibres of the inferior visual field project?
posteriorly through the parietal lobe
foveal goes most posterior
calcarine sulcus
separates lingual and cuenus gyri
lingual gyrus
inferior to calcarine sulcus
superior visual field
cuenus gyrus
superior to the calcarine sulcus
inferior visual field
striate cortex
primary visual cortex
the geniculocortical projections appear as thin white line (line of Gennari)
visual areas concerned with motion and locations (“where pathway”)
originates from magnocellular cells
dorsal pathway located in the parietal lobe
visual areas concerned with form and colour (“what pathway”)
originates from parvocellular cells
ventral pathway located in the temporal lobe
roles of retinal ganglion cells
pupillary light reflex
entrainment of daily rhythms
reflexive visually-guided eye and head movements
describe pupillary reflex
retinal ganglion cells project to pretectal area
pretectal area provided crossed and uncrossed projections to the nucleus of Edinger-Wesphal
damage to the right optic nerve effect on pupillary reflex
illumination of left eye still produces pupil constriction in both eyes
illumination of right eye has no effect on constriction
damage to right CN III effect on pupillary reflex
illumination of left eye produces constriction only in left eye
illumination of right eye produces constriction only in left eye
sympathetic innervation of iris
dilation
preganglionic (spinal cord)
postganglionic (superior cervical ganglia)
they then travel to iris along the ciliary nerves
parasympathetic innervation of the iris
constriction
preganglionic (nucleus of edinger westphal in midbrain)
contact postganglionic in ciliary ganglia by the CN III
then travel to iris along ciliary nerves
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
in the hypothalamus, received input from retinal ganglion cells
contains a clock that is set by the daily light period
melanopsin
photopigment in unique retinal ganglion cells involved in the pupillary light reflex and inputs to the SCN
intrinsically photosensitive
superior colliculus and retinal ganglion cells
receives input from retinal ganglion cells that are sensitive to movement
about 10% of retinal ganglion cells
reflexive movements of eye and head in response to visual
output to motor neurons via the tectospinal tract
stapes is connected to…
the oval window
movement of the stapes causes…
propogation of waves down the cochlea
function of the middle ear
prevents loss of energy
bony labyrinth contains…
perilymph
membranous labyrinth
collection of endolymph-filled tubes and chambers
function of round window
allows movement of fluid within the cavity
basilar membrane
divides the middle ear cavity into the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani
forms an endolymph compartment called the scala media (cochlear duct)
organ of Corti
hair cells (on basilar membrane) that detect movement of the membrane and release glutamate onto dendrites of CN VIII neurons
tectorial membrane
where the outer hair cells attach
where do the inner hair cells attach?
they do not
are only part of basilar membrane
function of inner hair cells
sense movement of the basilar membrane which then activates transduction channel
lower sound frequencies resonate near the ____
apex of the basilar membrane
higher sound frequencies resonate near the ____
base of the basilar membrane
afferent projection from the cochlear arise from _____ and project to ______
inner hair cells
dendrites of the cochlear nerves
efferent projections to the cochlea are on the _____ and project from the _____
outer hair cells
superior olivary nucleus (pons)
cochlear amplification
outer hair cells are motile and add to the movement of the BM via the TM
describe the output from the cochlea
inner hair cells release glutamate that acts on cochlear ganglion dendrites which then project axons to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla
cochlear nuclei project to ….
inferior colliculus (midbrain) via the lateral lemniscus (ipsilateral and contralateral)
cross via the trapezoid body (pons)
auditory pathway in the brain
inferior colliculus
medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
primary auditory cortex in superior temporal gyrus
tonotopic organization
maintained through higher auditory areas in the cortex
high frequency medial auditory cortex
low frequency lateral auditory corytex
saccule and utricle
vestibular sacs filled with endolymph
maculae
patch of hair cells in the wall of the utricle and saccule
utricle
respond to horizontal movement
linear acceleration
not vertical acceleration
saccule
respond to movement in sagittal plane
not side to side movement
otolithic membrane
where hair cells in the utricle and saccule sit
moves when head changes position
these hair cells release glutatmate onto the dendrites of neurons
vestibular (Scarpa’s) ganglia
neurons that receive glutamate from vestibular hair cells in the otolithic membrane project here
anterior semicircular duct
rotation of the head around anterior-posterior axis (y)
posterior semicircular duct
rotation of the head in the sagittal plane (x)
lateral semicircular duct
rotation of the head around the vertical axis (z), neck rotation, spinning
cupula
within the ampulla
when endolymph moves, it moves which causes deformation of the hair cells
primary sensory neurons for the vestibular system are in ______ and project to the _____
vestibular (Scarpa’s) ganglia
vestibular nuclei
vestibular nuclei
superior (pons)
lateral (pons/medulla)
medial (medulla)
inferior (medulla)
conscious vestibular system pathway
- vestibular ganglion cells project to vestibular nuclei
- vestibular nuclei neurons project to the ventral posterior inferior nucleus (VPI) of thalamus
- thalamic neurons project to the vestibular cortex (posterior parietal, post-central gyrus)
vestibular pathway for coordination of eye movements
from superior and medial vestibular nuclei to CN III, IV and VI nuclei via the medial longitudinal fasciculus
vestibular pathway for body posture and balance
from lateral and medial vestibular nuclei spinal motor neurons via the lateral vestibulospinal tract
vestibular pathway for coordinating head movements with eye movement
from lateral and medial vestibular nucleus to cervical spinal cord via the medial longitudinal fasciculus
fungiform papillae
250 (3-5 taste buds each)
anterior 2/3 of tongue
foliate papillae
20 (100-150 taste buds each)
entire tongue
circumvallate papillae
8-10 (250 taste buds each)
posterior 1/3 of tongue
cranial nerve associated with the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
CN VII (facial)
cranial nerve associated with posterior 1/3 of the tongue
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
signals from taste buds in the epiglottis are carried to the brain via _____
CN X (vagus)
signals from taste buds on the soft palate are carried to the brain via ____
CN VII (facial)
filiform papillae
does not contain taste buds
somatosensation
anterior: CN V
posterior: CN IX
epiglottis: CN X
how many taste cells per taste bud?
50-100
taste receptors
each cell has a single type
located on apical microvilli
sensitive to one of the taste modalities
activation by taste leads to depolarization leading to ATP release
soft palate and anterior tongue taste output
CN VII
geniculate ganglion
posterior tongue taste output
CN IX
inferior ganglion of CN IX
epiglottis taste output
CN X
inferior ganglion of CN X
solitary nucleus in taste
all the taste output terminate here and travel in the solitary tract to reach the nucleus
cortical projections of taste
superior solitary nucleus (2nd order) to the VPM of thalamus (3rd order) via the central tegmental
thalamic neurons project to the primary gustatory cortex
location of the primary gustatory cortex
the insula and the frontal lobe operculum
carotid body
chemoreceptors monitoring blood O2
carotid sinus
mechanoreceptor monitoring blood pressure
carotid body and sinus pathway
receptors are innervated by CN IX fibres with primary sensory neurons in the inferior ganglia of CN IX then to inferior solitary nucleus
pathway of aortic bodies
receptors innervated by CN X fibres with primary sensory neurons in the inferior ganglia of CN X then to inferior solitary nucleus
hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus
connections are made from solitary nucleus to the hypothalamus to mediate cardio and respiratory reflex responses
olfactory receptor neurons
cilia are embedded in mucus where they collect the odorants
convert signals into action potentials
how many different active odour receptors?
300
single odorants can differentially activate multiple receptors
true
olfactory receptor neuron projections
ORNs project axons through the cribriform plate of skull
ORN of same type converge on one glomerulus
synpase on mitral cells
projections from the olfactory bulb form the olfactory tract
principal central projection pathway
lateral olfactory tract from the olfactory bulb to the primary olfactory cortex (temporal lobe)
does the olfactory tract pass through the thalamus?
no
only sensory system that does not use the thalamus
primary olfactory (piriform) cortex
part of the medial temporal lobe:
- anterior parhippocampal gyrus
-uncus
-periamygdaloi cortex
pariamygdaloid cortex
a nucleus of the amygdaloid complex
anterior olfactory nucleus
within olfactory tract. posterior to olfactory bulb
specific role uncertain
targets of the olfactory area
orbital portions of the frontal lobe
(sometimes to thalamus first)
orbital cortex
multiple modalities converge here as it is an integration area for all aspects of the gustatory experience (smell, taste, texture, appearance)
motor system is modulated extensively by…
cerebellum and basal nuclei
vermis
medial flank between cerebellar hemispheres
primary fissure
divides anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum
only visible from superior side
white matter connecting cerebellum with the brainstem
superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
nodulus
part of flocculonodular lobe that is visible at the midline of the vermis
flocculus
part of flocculonodular lobe that emerges from the the posterolateral fissure
area of CNS with most neurons
cerebellum (more than the rest of the CNS combined)
cerebellar cortex
gray matter region of the cerebellum
molecular, Purkinje cell, granule cell, and white matter layers
deep cerebellar nuclei
second gray matter region of the cerebellum
dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial nuclei
“don’t eat greasy foods”
input to cerebellar cortex and nuclei
mostly mossy fibers
cerebellar output pathway
cerebellar cortex –> Purkinje cells –> deep cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei –> outputs
vestibulocerebellum system
using direction of gravity and movement to participate in balance and eye movements
spinocerebellum system
using proprioceptive information, modulates body and limb movements (posture and gait)
pontocerebellum system
using information from the cerebral cortex, assist with planning and coordinating learned, complex, voluntary movements
vestibulocerebellum pathway
-mossy fibers input from vestibular nuclei to flocculonodular lobe
-sometimes involvement of fastigial nucleus
-inferior cerebellar peduncle to vestibular nuclei
-output to eye muscles via medial longitudinal fasciculus
-or output to spinal cord via vestibulospinal tract
spinocerebellum pathway
-mossy fibers input from spinal cord via spinocerebellar pathways to vermis
either
1. involvement of globose and emboliform nucleus via red nucleus and output to rubrospinal tract via SCP
2. involvement of fastigial nucleus via ICP to vestibular nucleus and output to vestibulospinal tract
red nucleus
large nuclei in midbrain that is highly vascularized
function of posterior spinocerebellar tract
lower limb muscle and tendon proprioceptors
pathway of posterior spinocerebellar tract
- primary sensory neurons in DRG
- ascend in fasciculus gracilis and synapse in Clarke’s nucleus
- ascend to caudal pons
- enter cerebellum via ICP
function of anterior spinocerebellar tract
tendon and cutaneous proprioception of lower limb
pathway of anterior spinocerebellar tract
- primary sensory neuron in DRG
- synapse with spinal border cells in anterior horn fo spinal cord
- axons cross via anterior white commissure
- ascend to rostral pons
enter cerebellum via SCP - cross back in cerebellum
function of cuneocerebellar tract
upper limb muscle and tendon proprioception
pathway of cuneocerebellar tract
- primary sensory neuron in DRG
- ascend in fasciculus cuneatus
- synapse in lateral cuneate nucleus (medulla)
- ascend to caudal pons
- enter cerebellum via ICP
pontocerebellum pathway
- mossy fiber input from pontine nuclei to lateral hemisphere of cerebellum (MCP)
- involvement of dentate nucleus
output to either…
1. inferior olive via SCP through red nucleus
2. cerebral cortex via SCP through thalamus
pathway of corticopontine fibers
- arise in cerebrum and exit via internal capsule
- enter brainstem via crus cerebri
- innervate pontine nuclei
- enter cerebellum via the MCP
does cerebellum influence upper or motor neurons?
both
climbing fibers
- originate in inferior olivary nucleus in the medulla
- olivocerebellar fibres cross and then enter the cerebellum via the ICP
- project to entire cerebellar cortex
diverse sources: spinal cord, red nucleus, cerebral cortex
mossy fibers vs climbing fibers
mossy: immediate control of movements
climbing: error signals in motor performance for learning
ataxia
lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements
lesion in cerebellum or inputs to cerebellum
damage to vestibulocerebellum
- damage to flocculonodular lobe
- impairs balance and control of eye movement
- cannot stay stable with eyes closed
damage to spinocerebellum
- damage to vermis
- wide-based “drunken sailor” gait
- uncertain starts and stops, unequal steps
damage to pontocerebellum
- damage to lateral hemispheres
- impaired voluntary, planned movements by extremities
- trembling in execution of voluntary movement
primary function of basal ganglia
provide feedback mechanism to the cerebral cortex for initiation and control of motor responses
increased output from the basal ganglia results in…
bradykinesia and akinesia
abnormal slowing and lack of movements
decreased output from the basal ganglia results in…
dyskinesia
abnormal voluntary movements
basal ganglia consists of…
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
subthalamic nuclei
substantia nigra
substantia nigra is made up of _________ neurons
dopaminergic
cerebral cortex ______ basal ganglia which ______ thalamus which _______ cerebral cortex
activates/ inhibits/ activates
excitatory neurotransmitters
glutamate
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA
glycine
dopamine
serotonin
direct pathway of basal ganglia
activation increases cortical motor output, no subthalamus
- cortex (excite to) striatum (excite to) globus pallidus interna (inhibit to) thalamus (excite to) cortex
indirect pathway of basal ganglia
activation decreases cortical motor output, uses subthalamus
cortex (excite to) striatum (inhibit to) globus pallidus externa (inhibit to) subthalamus (excite to) globus pallidus interna (inhibit to) thalamus (excite to) cortex
D1 receptor of striatum
sends excitatory signals in response to dopamine
D2 receptor of striatum
sends inhibitory signals in response to dopamine
Parkinson’s disease
- loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra
- akinesia, bradykinesia, shuffling gait, loss of facial expression, increased muscle tone
L-DOPA
treatment for Parkinson’s
systemic increase in dopamine which results in reduced appetite and decreased control of blood pressure
deep brain stimulation
treatment for Parkinson’s
electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus
Huntington’s disease
wild, uncontrolled movements
autosomal dominant
degeneration of neostriatum
diencephalon consists of…
thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland
subthalamus
thalamus and hypothalamus are separated by the….
third ventricle
pineal gland
endocrine gland that produces and releases melatonin during the night
influenced by the retina via the sympathetic nervous system
interthalamic adhesion
connects two hemispheres of the thalamus
function unknown
thalamus is divided into…
internal medullary lamina:
anterior
medial
lateral
intralaminar
lateral group of the thalamus
dorsal and ventral tiers
all relay nuclei
specific inputs of the thalamus
conveying information that a given thalamic nucleus may pass on to the cerebral cortex
regulatory inputs of the thalamus
contribute to the decision about whether information will leave the thalamus and reach the cerebral cortex
(90-95% of the inputs to the thalamus)
relay nuclei
receive input from defined sources and project to restricted areas of cerebral cortex (sensory, motor, or limbic)
association nuclei
receive input from many sources, including other thalamic nuclei, project to multiple areas
integration and correlation
non-specific nuclei
receive input from the brainstem reticular formation, output directed to widespread regions of the cerebral cortex
VPL
sensory relay nuclei
from spinal cord
VPM
sensory relay nucleus
from trigeminal and solitary nucleus
LGN
sensory relay nucleus
from retina
MGN
sensory relay nucleus
from inferior colliculus (auditory)
VPI
sensory relay nucleus
from vestibular nuclei
lateral geniculate body
within LGN
receives input from retina via optic tract
projects to primary visual cortex in calcarine sulcus
medial geniculate body
within MGN
received input from auditory pathway from inferior colliculus
projects to primary auditory cortex in the superior temporal gyrus
pathway of taste information
from solitary nucleus
central tegmental tract
thalamus (VPM)
primary gustatory area in the insula and inferior frontal gyrus
ventral lateral nucleus is associated with….
cerebellum
relay nuclei
ventral anterior nucleus is associated with…
basal ganglia
relay nuclei
functions of hypothalamus
homeostatic mechanisms (hunger, thirst)
endocrine control
autonomic control
limbic mechanisms (emotions)
4 regions of the hypothalamus
pre-optic
anterior (supraoptic)
middle (tuberal)
posterior (mammillary)
suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) function and location
- in the hypothalamus
- located in supraoptic and medial zone
- master circadian clock
- received input from retina and LGN
output of SCN
other parts of the hypothalamus including the dorsomedial nucleus
supraoptic nucleus produces…
vasopressin
paraventricular nucleus produces…
oxytocin
vasopressin
ADH
increases water absorption in the kidney
oxytocin
peptide hormone that causes uterine and mammary gland contractions
arcuate nucleus
produces growth hormone release hormone that stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary
function of paraventricular, dorsomedial and posterior nuclei
involved in control of pre-ganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
hypothalamospinal tract
white matter that carries fibres from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord
hypothalamonuclear tract
white matter that carries fibres from the hypothalamus to pre-ganglionic nuclei associated with CN III, VII, IX, X
Horner’s syndrom
- damage to the spinal cord that damages hypothalomospinal fibres
- miosis (loss of sympathetics, constricted pupils)
- ptosis (droopy eyelids)
- anhidrosis (failure to sweat)
mammillary nuclei
associated with the limbic system
the limbic lobe contains…
cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus
types of cells in neocortex
pyramidal (projection neurons)
non-pyramidal (local, interlaminar, projections)
how many layers in neocortex?
6
principal projections to neocortex
- thalamus –> layer 4
- other layers –> layers 1,2,4,5
- brainstem —> all layers
principal projections from the neocortex
layer 2 –> other layers
layer 3 –> opposite hemisphere
layer 5 –> subcortical structures
layer 6 –> thalamus
agranular cortex
dominated by pyramidal cells
motor areas
granular cortex
fewer pyramidal cells
sensory areas
differences in cortical cytoarchitecture suggested anatomically distinct regions
Brodmann areas, but not functionally distinct
4 types of regions in cerebral cortex
- primary motor or sensory cortex
- unimodal association cortex
- heteromodal association cortex
- limbic cortex
primary motor cortex
pre-central gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
post-central gyrus
primary visual cortex
calcarine sulcus
primary auditory cortex
superior temporal gyrus
primary gustatory cortex
insula and operculum
premotor cortex
anterior to primary motor cortex
posterior portions of frontal gyri
prepare movement of the trunk
supplementary motor cortex
located in medial surface of longitudinal fissure
involved in body postural stabilization and coordination
somatosensory association cortex
in parietal lobe
posterior to primary somatosensory area
involved in further processing of information
unimodal association cortex function
associated with language
location of Broca’s area
the dominant side of brain
opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus
function of Broca’s area
important for production of written and spoken language
Broca’s aphasia
language production deficits
location of Wernicke’s area
posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus
function of Wernicke’s area
language comprehension
Wernicke’s aphasia
impairment in language comprehension
fluent aphasia
language is meaningless but follows natural rhythm
herteromodal association cortex
higher order processing for multiple sensory/ motor modalities
prefrontal association cortex
in frontal gyri
involved with attention, working memory, self control, ordering events, planning motor activities
damage to prefrontal association cortex
ex: Phineas Gage
his behaviour was drastically altered permanently
white matter of cerebrum
centrum semiovale
corpus callosum
anterior commissure
internal capsule
centrum semiovale function
contains projection, commissural, and association fibres
centrum semiovale location
superior to the lateral ventricles in both hemispheres
association fibres
axons that connect cortical areas within the same cerebral hemisphere
corpus callosum function
connects the left and right cerebral hemisphere
enables communication between hemispheres
anterior commissure function
connects temporal lobes (olfactory structures)
corona radiata
continuation of projection fibres from centrum semiovale and connects with internal capsule
internal capsule
bundle of white matter that connects the cerebral cortex with lower CNS regions
both ascending and descending axons
location of internal capsule
in between basal nuclei and thalamus
internal capsule is supplied by ______ artery
middle cerebral
archicortex
hippocampal formation
hippocampus, dentate nucleus, subiculum, parahippocampal gyrus
the _______ is an inward fold of the medial temporal lobe
hippocampus
alveus
associated with the hippocampus
formed by pyramidal cell axons
the _____ begins the efferent pathway of the hippocampal formation
fimbria
fornix
white matter that passes superiorly and then anteriorly over the thalamus
continuation of the fimbria
mammillary bodies
continuation of the fornix
circuit of papez
hippocampus
fornix
mammillary bodies
mammillothalamic tract
anterior thalamic nucleus
cingulate gyrus
entorhinal cortex
damage to hippocampus, fornix, or mammillary bodies results in…
memory loss and inability to consolidate short term to long term memory
case of HM
had a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy (hippocampus removed) that resulted in the inability to form new memories
location of amygdala
medial temporal lobe
anterior to the tail of the caudate nucleus
imbedded in white matter
function of amygdala
processing memory, decision-making, emotional reactions
