Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science 10 Unit C (Bio) > Section 2 > Flashcards

Section 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the term “intracellular” mean?

A

Subtsances/everything inside a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the term “extracellular” mean?

A

Substances/everything outside a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of system is a cell? Explain that system.

A

A cell is an open system; this means that it must interact with its environment to survive and it can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 7 life processes of cells?

A
  1. Intake of nutrients
  2. Movement
  3. Growth
  4. Response to stimuli
  5. Exchange of gases
  6. Reproduction
  7. Waste removal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the function of the cell membrane.

A

The cell membrane is the outermost boundary of a cell; it acts as a barrier. It allows needed materials in, while letting waste out of the cell. It plays a part in cell interaction, communication, and the recognition of molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain the function of the cytoplasm.

A

Organelles are suspended in this gel-like substance, which is found inside the cell membrane. It contains the nutrients needed to carry out the life processes and allows for the movement of organelles/molecules (cytoplasmic streaming).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming and which type of cell does it more commonly take place in?

A

Cytoplasmic streaming is the flow of the cytoplasm inside the cell; it moves/transports organelles/molecules. It primary occurs in plant cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the function of the nucleus.

A

The nucleus is the control center of a cell; it controls cell division, makes proteins, and contains a cell’s DNA (genetic material). It directs all cellular activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

All cell organelles, except for one, is enclosed by a membrane. Which one is not?

A

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the function of a lysosome (name 3 primary roles)

A

Lysosomes are membrane bound sacs found in the cytoplasm in which digestion can occur. They primarily aid in the destruction of damaged cell organelles, defense against invading bacteria, and controlled digestion of certain tissues during development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do vesicles do?

A

They transport substances throughout the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the function of a vacuole. Don’t forget to mention how it’s different in plants.

A

These are membrane bound structures that store nutrients, products of secretion, and fats, depending on the tissue. In plants: the central vacuole stores water, waste, and ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does turgidity relate to the plant vacuole?

A

When it fills with fluid it swells and becomes more firm (or more turgid) because the turgor pressure has been increased.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Study hack: what does the mitochondria look like?

A

A hotdog with ketchup or a potato with squiggles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria? How many chromosomes and ribosomes does a mitochondrion have?

A

The powerhouse of the cell; rod-like structures where cellular respiration occurs (useful energy is produced). Each contains one singular chromosome and its own ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

oxygen + glucose = carbon dioxide and ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a series of interconnected small tubes that branch from the nuclear envelope. Materials can be transported throughout these tubes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s the difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? What are their functions?

A

Rough ER: has ribosomes attached to it and synthesizes proteins.
Smooth ER: related to fat and oil production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus/body?

A

Flat, disc-shaped sacs involved in secretion. It receives materials from the endoplasmic reticulum (like vesicles from the RER containing proteins) and packages them for transport out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Study hack: what does the Golgi apparatus look like?

A

A stack of pancakes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are ribosomes and their function?

A

They are dense-looking granules made up of two parts. They can either be floating on their own or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. This is where amino acids form proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the chloroplast and its function? Where is it normally found?

A

Found only in plants and some protists. It contains a green pigment called chlorophyll and is the site for photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water = oxygen, glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What the cell wall and is functions? Where is it normally found?

A

It is located outside the cell membrane and prevents overexpansion. It is found in plants, bacteria, some protists, and fungi. It’s a rigid frame around the cell that provides strength and support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Filaments inside the cytoplasm that act as a framework; transports materials around the cell. Made up of different protein fibers. It’s attached to the cell membrane and the organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Cylindrical shaped and found in centrosome. Produces miotic spindle which moves chromosomes during cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some things/characteristics that only plant cells have?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Central vacuole
  • chloroplasts
  • store energy in the form of fat/oils
  • chlorophyll
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are some things/characteristics that only animal cells have?

A
  • Vacuoles and vesicles tend to me small
  • Lysosomes
  • Centrioles
  • More mitochondria
  • Some have specialized compounds (eg. cholesterol)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

It must contain carbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What four elements compose the organic compounds found in cells?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Name an example of lipids. What cell structures are involved?

A

Fat and oils. The SER and cell membrane are involved.

32
Q

Name an example of carbohydrates. What cell structures are involved?

A

Sugars, starches, glycogen, cellulose. Chloroplasts and the mitochondria are involved.

33
Q

Name an example of protein. What cell structures are involved?

A

Muscle fiber. The cytoskeleton and RER are involved.

34
Q

Name an example of nucleic acids. What cell structures are involved?

A

DNA. The nucleus is involved.

35
Q

What is equilibrium? Which cell organelle is responsible for this?

A

It is the balance inside and outside the cell; maintained by the cell membrane.

36
Q

What is another name for the cell membrane?

A

The plasma membrane

37
Q

What is the phospholid bilayer that the cell membrane has? What is it composed of?

A

It’s a double layer of lipids that each have a phosphate group attached. It’s composed of a hydrophilic (water loving) and hydrophobic (water fearing) fatty acids.

38
Q

What is diffusion? What kind of transport is it?

A

The natural movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration; it is passive transport as no energy is required.

39
Q

What is osmosis? What kind of transport is it?

A

It is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane; passive transport as no energy is required.

40
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

Determines the direction in which either water or solutes will move. Exists when there is a different concentration on either side of the membrane. Natural flow is from high concentration to low concentration (passive transport).

41
Q

5 concepts related to concentration gradient:

A
  1. Must involve different concentrations.
  2. In cells, different concentrations must be separated by a membrane.
  3. Involves molecules or ions of a single type.
  4. Drives osmosis and diffusion.
  5. Different molecules/ions move along their concentration gradients independently of one another.
42
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

The concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than it is inside the cell. If a cell is placed into this solution, water will leave it.

43
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

The concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than it is inside the cell. If a cell is placed into this solution, water will enter it.

44
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

The concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell is equal. There will be no net movement of water molecules.

45
Q

What are the four concepts apart of the Particle Model of Matter?

A
  1. All matter is made of particles, which vary in size and composition depending on the substance.
  2. Particles move/vibrate within matter (least in solids, most in gases). Adding energy or heat affects the rate of this movement.
  3. Particles are attracted to one another/bonded together.
  4. All matter has spaces between its particles (least space in solids–except ice–and most in gases). Its spaces may be occupied by the particles of other matter.
46
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance dissolved in a solution. Naturally moves with the concentration gradient.

47
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Movement in response to the concentration gradient but needs the presence of the protein facilitator.

48
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

They create pore or channels in which small water-soluble particles are able to move through. Moves in response to the concentration gradient.

49
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

They have the ability to attach to larger molecules that cannot diffuse across the membrane on their own. It changes their shape and physically moves the molecule across the membrane and into the cell.

50
Q

What is active transport?

A

It requires energy as it is movement against the concentration gradient. It is the movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration.

51
Q

What is endocytosis? Does it require energy?

A

It is molecules taken in by the cell. A vesicle forms around the molecule and the cell membrane pinches around it, letting it enter the cell. It does require energy.

52
Q

What is exocytosis? Does it require energy?

A

It is molecules being secreted by the cell. A vesicle surrounds it and it fuses to the cell membrane. It then ruptures, releasing its contents to the surroundings. It does require energy.

53
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

Produced in the mitochondria through cellular respiration; it is the usable energy needed by cells.

54
Q

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

A

It is a synthetic membrane that allows certain particles to go through, but not others.

55
Q

What is a selectively permeable membrane?

A

A natural membrane that allows certain particles through but excludes others.

56
Q

3 ways to increase the rate of diffusion:

A
  1. Adding energy
  2. Heating
  3. Stirring
57
Q

What are recognition proteins?

A

They are embedded in the cell membrane but stick out into the cell surroundings. It helps cells recognize each other and recognize/destroy invading bacteria.

58
Q

What are receptor proteins? How can certain viruses take advantage of them?

A

They bind with certain molecules to bring them into the cell through endocytosis (like a lock and key). Some have sugar groups attached to them that make the binding specific and allow the cell to identify a particular bacteria/virus. Some viruses like HIV and hepatitis use the binding reaction to target human cells and bind to receptors by mimicking the shape of a harmless substance.

59
Q

What is the purpose of dialysis? What organ normally has this purpose?

A

It is to rid the blood of toxins, wastes, and excess fluids. Normally, healthy kidneys perform this task.

60
Q

What is reverse osmosis? Does it use energy? Give an example.

A

Reverse osmosis is water moving from a low concentration to a high concentration (requires the force of a pressure pump). It requires energy as it moves against the concentration gradient. Eg. desalination.

61
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Dialysis that occurs inside the body. A catheter is surgically put into the abdominal cavity and dialysate fluid is pumped in, becoming saturated with waste. It is then removed and replaced.

62
Q

What is hemodialysis?

A

Dialysis performed outside the body; more complicated and must be performed in a mental facility. Blood is cleaned out of the body with a dialysate fluid in a special machine and returned to the body.

63
Q

What is a hormone?

A

It is a chemical compound that travels from its production site in an organism to other sites where it produces an effect.

64
Q

Explain the transport of hormone proteins. using an example

A

Insulin: a small protein produced in the pancreas. It’s a hormone, secreted into the bloodstream and binds with membrane receptors. The complex formed between the hormone and target cells triggers a particular reaction.

65
Q

Explain how cellular transport relates to membrane proteins and disease. Give an example.

A

Focuses on recognition/receptor proteins (attachment points).
- Lock and key method (the “key” of the viruses would no longer work
- Would no longer be necessary to deluge the body with drugs
- Eg. Developing specific drugs for cancer cells that don’t also affect healthy cells (identifying the unique proteins of cancer cells)

66
Q

Explain synthetic membrane technology and liposomes. Give two examples.

A

Liposomes: synthetic fluid filled sacs composed of a phospholid bilayer like the cell membrane. Helps the delivery of drugs to infected body tissue.
Eg. HIV and cancer therapies use liposomes because they circulate in the bloodstream longer than medicine on its own.
Eg. They inject DNA onto tumours to kill it.

67
Q

Are smaller or bigger cells more efficient? Why? What about in multicellular organisms?

A

Smaller cells; they have a higher surface area to volume ratio. In multicellular organisms, some cells perform specialized functions that requires them to take on a larger size.

68
Q

What happens if a cell has a larger surface area?

A

More membrane is in contact with the extracellular fluid, and will be able to pull more nutrients in and get rid of more waste.

69
Q

What happens if a cell has a larger volume?

A

It will have higher nutritional needs and produces more waste.

70
Q

How does the surface area to volume ratio affect the rate of diffusion?

A

When it increases, so does the rate of diffusion.

71
Q

What is the formula for the surface area to volume ratio?

A

SA/V

72
Q

How to xylem and phloem help plants? (other than transport)

A

They reduce the cell’s reliance on diffusion and osmosis.

73
Q

A larger plant with more volume has a harder time transporting materials. How may it create as much surface area as possible?

A

It may have large, flat leaves to create as much surface area as possible.

74
Q

How do animals maximize potential?

A
  • Brain folding
  • Small intestine (villi and microvilli increase surface area)
  • Alveoli in lungs
75
Q

The root hairs of plants can increase a plant’s ________ __________.

A

Surface area

76
Q

In order to be more efficient, should the surface area to volume ratio be higher or lower?

A

Higher

77
Q

What does “organelle” mean?

A

Little organ

Science 10 Unit C (Bio) (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions