Section 1.0-3.0 Flashcards
What are Manipulated Variables?
A factor that is purposefully and specifically changed by the experimenter.
What are the Controlled Variable?
Any variable that’s held constant in a research study
What does it mean when said, “Work Done”?
The work (or energy) output is the amount of energy the object or system gains as a result of the work being done. It is the work input minus any energy lost as the result of friction.
What is Efficiency?
A measurement of how effectively a machine converts input energy into useful energy output.
Total Work output / total work input X100 = Efficiency
What does Force mean?
Described as a push or pull
What is a Chemical Energy?
The potential energy is stored in the chemical bonds of compounds. Examples would be food provides energy after the bonds found in food are broken. The chemical energy in a math is released after it is struck
What is an Electrical Energy?
The work done by moving charges can produce both heat and light. Examples are light bulbs and batteries.
What is Magnetism?
A property possessed by certain materials to attract or repel similar materials, it is associated with moving electricity
What is a Nuclear Energy?
The potential energy is stored in the nucleus of an atom. When the nuclei are split (fission) or when two nuclei combine (fusion) energy is released.
What is Solar Energy?
Produced from a hydrogen-hydrogen nuclear fusion reaction with the release of nuclear energy. Solar energy is often converted to other forms of energy such as heat. An example is a greenhouse.
What is Kinetic energy?
The energy that can do work due to motion, for example, wind or the flowing of water
What is Gravitational Potential Energy?
Energy that has the potential to do work due to its position above the earth’s surface. An example is a rollercoaster on top of a crest
What is Mechanical Energy?
The sum of the energy of motion and position, an example is EM = EP + EK
What is the Newton’s Cradle?
The motion of Newton’s cradle was first explained by a living force- vis visa. The EP energy of the raised ball is converted into EK when released. As a result, a majority of the Em is conserved, and the cradle will continue this motion for some time
What is the Joules Experiment?
Heat energy can only turn into Em through thermal energy from hot to cold. Also, energy in heat form can be lost
What is Joules Churn?
As the mass falls, the water is churned, causing the temperature of the water to increase. The EP of the mass is converted into the EK of the paddles, allowing the water to move and transform into heat. In result has a connection between EP and heat
What is the Falling Block Experiment?
A falling block of wood hits a
stationary block and the temperature of the block increases. The kinetic energy of the falling block is transferred to the stationary block and the temperature of the stationary block increases as a result. As a result, Joules experiment supported a connection between kinetic energy and heat.
Hydro-Electric Power Station
Water from dam flows down the penstock, converting is gravitational PE to KE. Water strikes the turbine causing the turbine to t=rotate. This converts KE of turbine into electrical energy. Drawback is that it is bad for the environment to create a large water reservoir.
Coal-Burning Power Station
Coal is burned in a combustion chamber to heat water. Thus converts stored chemicals PE to heat. Steam is directed water pressure towards a turbine. This converts KE of steam to the KE of turbine. As the turbine turns a coil in a mag field, the KE of turbines is converted to electrical energy. Drawback is that the burning makes pollution.
Nuclear Power Station
Uranium disintegrates during nuclear fission, releasing nuclear energy as radiation. Converts to thermal energy, used to heat water to steam. Pressure used to pipe into turbine causes them to move. Turbine rotates a coil in the mag field, KE of steam is converted to KE of turbines. The rotation of the coil converts KE into electrical energy. Drawback is that the disposal of uranium is a risk for radiation leakage
Solar Cell Station
A Solar cell is made up of 2 layers of silicon with either phosphorus or boron added. When sunlight hits the layer it provides energy or some break and move free. Makes PE simliar to terminal battery. Drawback is needs light and cant be used at night.
What is the Laws of Conservation of Mechanical Energy?
“Within a closed, isolated system, energy can change form,
but the total amount of mechanical energy remains constant.” A closed, isolated system means that it is isolated from external forces, so no work can be done on it (i.e. energy can’t be added or taken away). It is sometimes referred to as
a frictionless system. Friction “dissipates” energy as useless heat. All this really means is that potential energy is being converted to kinetic energy, or
vice versa.
What are the 2 Laws of Thermodynamics?
- The total energy, including heat in a system and its surrounding remains constant
- Heat flows from warmer objects to cooler objects. resulting in some heat being converted into mechanical energy to do work
What is the Heat Engine?
Heated water to create
steam that would be used to drive the piston forward. The theory behind the heat engine was sound, but Papin couldn’t produce a drum large enough to do useful work
