Section 1.0-3.0 Flashcards
What are Manipulated Variables?
A factor that is purposefully and specifically changed by the experimenter.
What are the Controlled Variable?
Any variable that’s held constant in a research study
What does it mean when said, “Work Done”?
The work (or energy) output is the amount of energy the object or system gains as a result of the work being done. It is the work input minus any energy lost as the result of friction.
What is Efficiency?
A measurement of how effectively a machine converts input energy into useful energy output.
Total Work output / total work input X100 = Efficiency
What does Force mean?
Described as a push or pull
What is a Chemical Energy?
The potential energy is stored in the chemical bonds of compounds. Examples would be food provides energy after the bonds found in food are broken. The chemical energy in a math is released after it is struck
What is an Electrical Energy?
The work done by moving charges can produce both heat and light. Examples are light bulbs and batteries.
What is Magnetism?
A property possessed by certain materials to attract or repel similar materials, it is associated with moving electricity
What is a Nuclear Energy?
The potential energy is stored in the nucleus of an atom. When the nuclei are split (fission) or when two nuclei combine (fusion) energy is released.
What is Solar Energy?
Produced from a hydrogen-hydrogen nuclear fusion reaction with the release of nuclear energy. Solar energy is often converted to other forms of energy such as heat. An example is a greenhouse.
What is Kinetic energy?
The energy that can do work due to motion, for example, wind or the flowing of water
What is Gravitational Potential Energy?
Energy that has the potential to do work due to its position above the earth’s surface. An example is a rollercoaster on top of a crest
What is Mechanical Energy?
The sum of the energy of motion and position, an example is EM = EP + EK
What is the Newton’s Cradle?
The motion of Newton’s cradle was first explained by a living force- vis visa. The EP energy of the raised ball is converted into EK when released. As a result, a majority of the Em is conserved, and the cradle will continue this motion for some time
What is the Joules Experiment?
Heat energy can only turn into Em through thermal energy from hot to cold. Also, energy in heat form can be lost
What is Joules Churn?
As the mass falls, the water is churned, causing the temperature of the water to increase. The EP of the mass is converted into the EK of the paddles, allowing the water to move and transform into heat. In result has a connection between EP and heat
What is the Falling Block Experiment?
A falling block of wood hits a
stationary block and the temperature of the block increases. The kinetic energy of the falling block is transferred to the stationary block and the temperature of the stationary block increases as a result. As a result, Joules experiment supported a connection between kinetic energy and heat.
Hydro-Electric Power Station
Water from dam flows down the penstock, converting is gravitational PE to KE. Water strikes the turbine causing the turbine to t=rotate. This converts KE of turbine into electrical energy. Drawback is that it is bad for the environment to create a large water reservoir.
Coal-Burning Power Station
Coal is burned in a combustion chamber to heat water. Thus converts stored chemicals PE to heat. Steam is directed water pressure towards a turbine. This converts KE of steam to the KE of turbine. As the turbine turns a coil in a mag field, the KE of turbines is converted to electrical energy. Drawback is that the burning makes pollution.
Nuclear Power Station
Uranium disintegrates during nuclear fission, releasing nuclear energy as radiation. Converts to thermal energy, used to heat water to steam. Pressure used to pipe into turbine causes them to move. Turbine rotates a coil in the mag field, KE of steam is converted to KE of turbines. The rotation of the coil converts KE into electrical energy. Drawback is that the disposal of uranium is a risk for radiation leakage
Solar Cell Station
A Solar cell is made up of 2 layers of silicon with either phosphorus or boron added. When sunlight hits the layer it provides energy or some break and move free. Makes PE simliar to terminal battery. Drawback is needs light and cant be used at night.
What is the Laws of Conservation of Mechanical Energy?
“Within a closed, isolated system, energy can change form,
but the total amount of mechanical energy remains constant.” A closed, isolated system means that it is isolated from external forces, so no work can be done on it (i.e. energy can’t be added or taken away). It is sometimes referred to as
a frictionless system. Friction “dissipates” energy as useless heat. All this really means is that potential energy is being converted to kinetic energy, or
vice versa.
What are the 2 Laws of Thermodynamics?
- The total energy, including heat in a system and its surrounding remains constant
- Heat flows from warmer objects to cooler objects. resulting in some heat being converted into mechanical energy to do work
What is the Heat Engine?
Heated water to create
steam that would be used to drive the piston forward. The theory behind the heat engine was sound, but Papin couldn’t produce a drum large enough to do useful work
What is the Savery Engine
The first steam-powered pump to be successfully used in a mine to pump water. Could only generate enough force to pump
water a distance of 6m
What is the Gunpowder Engine?
The gunpowder engine is so named because it uses an explosion of gun powder to drive the piston forward. The gunpowder made it extremely
dangerous due to the serious risk of explosion
What is the Gasoline Engine?
Made an engine that ran on
gasoline instead of coal. Because petroleum burns much hotter than coal, greater power was
produced. It also allowed the engine to be small enough to be
used in vehicles. Still less efficient than an electric engine. Relies on a non-renewable resource
What are Open Systems?
Have the most interaction between the system and its
surroundings. Exchange both energy and matter with the surroundings. Examples include an ecosystem, the human body, a house
What are Closed Systems?
Exchange energy, but not matter with the surroundings. Examples include a sealed container
What are Isolated System?
A system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with the
surroundings. Other than the entire universe, no real-life examples exist
What is the (four-stroke) Otto Engine?
Improved the efficiency of the ICE by compressing the coal-gas mixture before igniting it. Increased the force produced by the engine. Drawback is that it only produced about 1 horsepower of force and it still used coal as its fuel
What is the Watt Engine?
The Watt engine used
separate chambers for
the hot and cold water. Their large size prevented widespread
application. Still not very efficient
What is the Newcomen Engine?
Also used steam to drive
the piston forward. To draw the piston back, cold water was sprayed on the water chamber,
which cooled the water and caused it to condense, drawing the piston back. This engine was very inefficient, as it required large amounts of energy to heat and cool the water
What is the Internal Combustion Energy?
Improved Steele’s
design by replacing the
fuel with coal gas ignited by an electrical spark. Instead of gunpowder, Steele’s engine used the gas produced from burning tar and oil which weren’t the easiest fuels to obtain
What does the slope of Distance - Time graph represent and what does the area under the graph mean?
The average speed of the object and the area has no useful meaning
What does the slope of Position- Time graph represent and what does the area under the graph mean?
The velocity of the object, and the area has no useful meaning
What does the slope of Speed-Time graph represent and what does the area under the graph mean?
Object is speeding up or slowing down, area means the distance the object travels
What does the slope of Velocity - Time graph represent and what does the area under the graph mean?
The acceleration of the object, the area means the displacement of the object
