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Group Instructing L2 > Section 1 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Section 1 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What Is Bone?

A

Calcified connective tissue forming most of the adult skeleton (206 bones in total)

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2
Q

What Is Cartilage

A

Dense, durable, tough fibrous connective tissue, able to withstand compression forces.

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3
Q

What is Hyaline Cartilage?

A

The tissue that forms the temporary skeleton of a foetus, replaced by bone when calcium is deposited.

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4
Q

What is Elastic Cartilage?

A

Similar to Hyaline Cartilage but has more fibres, most of which made from elastin as opposed to collagen, having the ability to regain & return to its original position

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5
Q

What is Fibrocartilage?

A

Thicker & stronger cartilage, acts as a shock absorber in cartilaginous joints.

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6
Q

Name 5 Bones that make up the Axial Skeleton?

A

Cranium, Cervical Vertebrae, Sternum, Thoracic Vertebrae, Lumbar Vertebrae, Sacrum, Ribs

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7
Q

Name 5 Bones that make up the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

Clavicle, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges, Scapula, Ilium, Pubis, Ischium, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals

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8
Q

Name 4 Characteristics of Long Bones

A

-They have a greater length than width.
-Consist of a main shaft (diaphysis) and usually 2 extremities (epiphysis)
-Contain mostly compact bone in the diaphysis
-Contain mostly cancellous bone in the epiphysis

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9
Q

Name 2 Characteristics of Short Bones

A

-Normally as long as they are wide
-Usually highly cancellous, giving them strength under weight

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10
Q

Name 2 Characteristics of Flat Bones

A

-Thin layer of cancellous bone between 2 plate-like layers of compact bone
-Provide protection and large areas for muscle attachment

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11
Q

Name 1 Characteristic of Irregular Bones

A

Form very complex shapes & cannot be classified into other groups (e.g. vertebrae)

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12
Q

Name 2 Characteristics of Sesamoid (seed like) Bones

A

-Develop within particular tendons at a site of considerable friction/tension
-Serve to improve leverage & to protect the joint from damage

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13
Q

Name the 6 Functions of the Skeletal System

A

-Shape
-Protection
-Attachment
-Movement
-Production
-Storage

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14
Q

Which Type of Joint is Fixed/Immovable

A

Fibrous

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15
Q

Which Type of Joint is Slightly Moveable

A

Cartilaginous

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16
Q

Which Type of Joint is Freely Moveable

A

Synovial

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17
Q

Where may you find a Fibrous Joint?

A

Cranium (Skull)

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18
Q

Where May you Find a Cartilaginous Joint?

A

The Vertebrae

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19
Q

Where May you Find a Synovial Joint?

A

Ankle, Knee, Hip, Elbow, Shoulder, Neck, Wrist

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20
Q

What do Ligaments do?

A

Attach Bone to Bone

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21
Q

What do Tendons do?

A

Attach Bone to Muscle

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22
Q

What ROM does a Ball & Socket Joint have?

A

Allows for movement in almost any direction
Actions: Flexion, Extension, Horizontal Flexion & Extension, Medial & Lateral Rotation, Circumduction, Adduction & Abduction

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23
Q

What ROM does a Hinge Joint have?

A

Allows for flexion and extension of an appendage
Actions: Flexion & Extension

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24
Q

What ROM does a Pivot Joint have?

A

Allows for rotation around an axis
Actions: Rotation

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25
Q

What ROM does a Saddle Joint have?

A

Allows for movement back and forth & side to side
Actions: Adduction & Abduction, Flexion and Extension

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26
Q

What ROM does a Gliding (Plane) Joint have?

A

Allows for bones to slide past each other
Actions: Elevation & Depression of the Shoulder Girdle

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27
Q

What ROM does an Ellipsoid/Condyloid Joint have?

A

Allows for movement in almost any direction but to a lesser magnitude than the ball & socket joint
Actions: Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction & Circumduction but no rotation

28
Q

Where Can you Find a Ball & Socket Joint?

A

Shoulder & Hip Joint

29
Q

Where Can You Find a Hinge Joint?

A

Knee & Elbow Joint

30
Q

Where Can You Find a Pivot Joint?

A

In the Neck (C1 Vertebrae rotates around the C2 Vertebrae) & Forearms

31
Q

Where Can You Find a Saddle Joint?

A

The carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

32
Q

Where Can You Find a Gliding (Plane) Joint?

A

The Acromioclavicular Joint (Shoulder)

33
Q

Where Can You Find an Ellipsoid/Condyloid Joint?

A

The Metacarpophalangeal Joints (Knuckles)

34
Q

Define Flexion

A

The angle of the joint decreases or the return from Extension

35
Q

Define Extension

A

The angle of the joint increases or the return from Flexion

36
Q

Define Rotation

A

A bone rotating on its own long axis

37
Q

Define Abduction

A

Away from the midline of the body

38
Q

Define Adduction

A

Towards the midline of the body

39
Q

Define Horizontal Flexion

A

Moving the upper arm towards the midline of the body (e.g. hugging action)

40
Q

Define Horizontal Extension

A

Moving the upper arm away from the midline of the body

41
Q

Define Lateral Flexion

A

Bending to the side

42
Q

Define Circumduction

A

A circular or cone shaped movement accuring at a ball & socket joint (e.g. bowling a cricket ball)

43
Q

Devine Elevation

A

Upward movement of the shoulder girdle

44
Q

Define Depression

A

Downward movement of the shoulder girdle

45
Q

Define Protraction

A

Forward movement of the shoulder girdle

46
Q

Define Retraction

A

Backward movement of the shoulder girdle

47
Q

Define Pronation

A

Turning the palm of the hand to face downward

48
Q

Define Supination

A

Turning the palm of the hand to face upward

49
Q

Define Dorsiflexion

A

When the foot moves towards the shin

50
Q

Define Plantarflexion

A

Moving the foot away from the shin (tiptoe action)

51
Q

Define Inversion

A

When the sole of the foot faces the midline (turning foot inwards)

52
Q

Define Eversion

A

When the sole of the foot faces away from the midline (turning food outwards)

53
Q

How Many Vertebrae does the Cervical Section Contain?

A

7

54
Q

How Many Vertebrae Does the Thoracic Section Contain?

A

12

55
Q

How Many Vertebrae Does the Lumbar Section Contain?

A

5

56
Q

How Many Vertebrae Does the Sacral Section Contain?

A

5

57
Q

How Many Vertebrae Does the Coccyx Contain?

A

4 (bottom 2 sections fused together)

58
Q

How Many Vertebrae are there in total?

A

33

59
Q

What is Hyperkyphosis

A

Muscles at the front of the chest & upper back are shortened and muscles at the midback are lengthened

60
Q

What is Hyperlordosis

A

The abdominal muscles and trunk stabilising muscles are lengthened and the back extensor muscles are shortened

61
Q

What is Scoliosis?

A

Sideways or lateral curving of the spine, often occuring with a laterally altered pelvic position or uneven shoulder girdle position
Spinal bend to the left is often compensated with a bend in the right somewhere else in the spine & vice versa

62
Q

What are Osteoblasts?

A

Cells which deposit calcium to help form bone

63
Q

What are Osteoclasts?

A

Cells which help to eat away old bones

64
Q

What are Osteocytes?

A

Mature Osteoblasts which have ended their bone forming role

65
Q

What are the Factors Affecting Bone Formation?

A

-Nutrition
-Exposure to Sunlight
-Hormonal Secretions
-Physical Activity & Exercise

66
Q
A

Group Instructing L2 (2 decks)

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