Section 1: Scientific Method

Question 0

The Scientific Method Chronological Process

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Observation 
Ask Questions 
Formulating a Hypothesis "if-then"
Controlled Experiment (testing hypothesis) 
Drawing a Conclusion

Question 1

scientific method

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is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and col- lecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data

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Observing

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is the use of the senses to obtain information, and involves making measurements and collecting data.

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data

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may be descriptive (qualitative) or numerical (quantitative) in nature.

Ex. Numerical information, such as the fact that a sample of copper ore has a mass of 25.7 grams, is quantitative.
Non-numerical information, such as the fact that the sky is blue, is qualitative.

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Experimenting involves

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carrying out a procedure under controlled conditions to make observations and collect data

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To learn more about matter, chemists study

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Systems

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Generalizations

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Generalizations are statements that apply to a range of information. Scientists use generalizations about the data to formulate a hypothesis, or testable statement.

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To make generalizations…

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data are sometimes organized in tables and analyzed using statistics or other mathematical techniques, often with the aid of graphs and a computer.

Question 9

hypothesis serves as…

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as a basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments.

Question 10

Hypotheses are often drafted as…

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“if-then” statements. The “then” part of the hypothesis is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.

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Testing a hypothesis requires…

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experimentation that provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory

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During testing, the experimental conditions that remain constant are called

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Controls

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variable

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any condition that changes. Any change observed is usually due to the effects of the variable.

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If testing reveals that the predictions were not correct, the hypothesis on which the predictions were based must be

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Discarded or modified (reject or revise)

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When the data from experiments show that the predictions of the hypothesis are successful, scientists typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by

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Constructing a model

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model

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in science is more than a physical object; it is often an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related. (visual, verbal, or mathematical)

Ex. One important model in chemistry is the atomic model of matter, which states that matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms.

Question 17

theory

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is a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.
Theories are considered successful if they can predict the results of many new experiments.

Ex. The atomic model is a part of the atomic theory; kinetic-molecular theory and collision theory

Question 18

system

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is a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation

Ex. When you observe a reaction in a test tube, the test tube and its contents form a system.

Question 19

How does a quantity differ from a unit? Use to example to explain the difference?

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The quantity is the “how much” of something. The unit of measure is the word used to describe how much. For example. I am 6 feet tall. The 6 is the quantity and the feet is the measuring unit.

Question 20

What is a derived unit?

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A unit that can be obtained from combinations of fundamental units

Question 21

What is the SI-derived unites for area?

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The square meter (m2)

Question 22

List two SI-derived unites for volume.

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Cubic meter, cubic centimeter

Question 23

List two non-SI unties for volume, and explain who they relate to the cubic centimeter.

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liter = 1000 cm3, milliliter is equal to 1 cm3

Question 24

Why are the unites used to express the densities of gasses different from those used to express the densities of solids or liquids?

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Smaller unites are used because gases are less dense

Question 25

Name two unites for density.

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g/cm3, g/L

Question 26

Define conversion factor

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A ration that is derived from the equality between different unites that can be used to
convert from one unit to another unit

Question 27

Explain how conversion factors are used

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The unit to be changes is multiplies by a conversion factor that has the desired unit (“to”) in the numerator and the unit to be canceled (“from”) in the denominator