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Elizabeth I > section 1: Queen, Government and religion, 1558-1569 > Flashcards

section 1: Queen, Government and religion, 1558-1569 Flashcards

1
Q

what was the structure of Elizabethan society?

A
  1. The monarch
  2. Nobility
  3. Gentry
  4. Yeomen
  5. Tenant famers
  6. Landless or labouring poor
  7. Vagrants and Homeless
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2
Q

what was the hierarchical structure of towns in Elizabethan England?

A
  1. Merchants (often owned a lot of property)
  2. Professionals (Lawyers, Clergy, Doctors, Teachers)
  3. Business owners (usually highly skilled craftsmen who employed others)
  4. skilled craftsmen, people who had learned a skill or trade
  5. Unskilled workers and the unemployed
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3
Q

how were households run?

A

The husband/father was always head of the household. His wife, children and any servants were expected to be obedient to him

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4
Q

key features of the court?

A

the court was a body of people who lived in, or near the same palace or house as the monarch. The court was mostly made up of members of the nobility, they were the monarch’s key servants, advisers and friends. Attending court required the monarch’s permission

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5
Q

what was the role of the court?

A

-to entertain and advise the monarch
-to act as a public display of wealth and power
-courtiers had influence with the monarch, rather than actual power

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6
Q

key features of the privy council?

A

The privy council was made up of leading courtiers and advisers as well as nobles and very senior government officials, like Sir William Cecil. There were approximately 19 members of the Privy council, all chosen by the monarch. They met at least 3 times a week, and these meetings were often attended and presided over by the monarch

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7
Q

what was the role of the privy council?

A

-to debate current issues and advise the monarch on government policy
-to make sure the monarch’s final decisions were carried out
-to oversee law and order and the security of England
-to monitor the justices of the peace
-to monitor the proceedings of parliament

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8
Q

key features of parliament?

A

Parliament was made up of the house of lords (which included Bishops) and the house of commons. Parliament could only be called and dismissed by the monarch, and new elections were held before each parliament, but very few people could vote . Elizabeth I called parliament 10 times during her reign

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9
Q

role of parliament?

A

-to grant extraordinary taxation
-to pass laws (acts of parliament)
-to offer advise to the monarch

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10
Q

key features of the lords lieutenant?

A

each county had a lord lieutenant, chosen by the monarch, they were members of the nobility and were often also on the privy council. they were essential to maintaining the monarch’s power and England’s defences

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11
Q

role of the lords lieutenant?

A

-they were in charge of raising and training the local militia and overseeing county defences
-they oversaw the enforcement of policies
-they were part of the local government

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12
Q

key features of justices of the peace?

A

JPs were large landowners who kept law and order in their local areas, they were unpaid and reported to the privy council, being a JP was a position of status, and so was a very important job

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13
Q

role of JPs?

A

-to make sure all social and economic policies carried out
-to hear county court cases every 3 months for more serious crimes
-part of the local government

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14
Q

extraordinary taxation?

A

occasional, additional taxation to pay for unexpected expenses, particularly war

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15
Q

militia?

A

a military force of ordinary people rather than soldiers, usually raised in an emergency

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16
Q

what could the monarch do?

A

-declare war and make peace
-call and dismiss parliament and agree to or reject any laws they voted for
-rule in some legal cases, for example if the law was unclear or if people appealed a judgement
-grant titles, lands, money jobs

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17
Q

what is patronage?

A

to provide someone with an important job or position

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18
Q

who was the secretary of state?

A

Elizabeth’s most important privy council member, and the person in government she was closest to. He advised the queen on matters important to the crown. The most significant person to hold this position (until 1573) was Sir William Cecil

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19
Q

when did Mary Queen of Scots arrive in England?

A

1568

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20
Q

when did Mary marry her second husband?

A

she married lord Darnley in1565

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21
Q

when did Mary have her son, James

A

1566

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22
Q

when was lord Darnley murdered?

A

1567, probably by the Earl of Bothwell

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23
Q

who did MQS marry after lord Darnley died?

A

the earl of Bothwell, the primary suspect in Lord Darnley’s murder

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24
Q

what did MQS marrying the Earl of Bothwell mean?

A

for many this was an admission of guilt, regarding the murder of her second husband, and this scandal lead to the protestant lords rebelling again. They forced Mary to abdicate in favour of her baby son James

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25
where was Mary imprisoned after she abdicated and what did she do?
She was imprisoned in a tower in the middle of a loch, but escaped in 1568 and raised an army in an attempt to win back her throne. She was defeated at Langside, near Glasgow and fled to England seeking Elizabeth's help against the rebels
26
what were Elizabeth's options for how to deal with MQS when she arrived in England in 1568?
1. She could help MQS regain her throne 2. She could hand MQS over to the Scottish lords 3. She could allow MQS to go abroad 4. She could keep MQS in England
27
why could no verdict solve the MQS problem?
if she was found guilty, she would be handed over to the Scottish Lords, and Elizabeth would have helped with the deposing of an anointed monarch. If MQS was found innocent she would be free to raise an army, potentially with foreign Catholic support, which posed a large threat to Elizabeth
28
what happened to Mary after the court convened to hear the case against her between October 1568 and January 1569?
The court did not reach any conclusions and Mary remained in England in captivity, but still a threat to Elizabeth
29
when did the Scottish Lords rebellion begin in Scotland?
1559
30
when did the Scottish Lords rebellion end?
1560
31
when did MQS's first husband, King Francis II of France die?
1560
32
when does Mary return to Scotland after the death of her husband King Francis II of France?
1561
33
when was MQS forced to abdicate and imprisoned?
1567
34
when was MQS implicated in a plot against Elizabeth and placed under house arreast?
1569
35
what was MQS's claim to the throne?
she was Henry VII's great granddaughter
36
when was the treaty of Edinburgh?
1560
37
what did the treaty of Edinburgh say?
when, in 1560, Elizabeth I helped the protestant lords in their rebellion against MQS. MQS was forced to sign the treaty of Edinburgh which said that MQS would give up her claim to the English throne- however Mary never approved of the treaty and maintained that she had a claim to the English throne
38
what did MQS want?
to be named Elizabeth's heir
39
why did Elizabeth not want to name MQS her heir?
- Jealously, many accounts state that MQS was very beautiful which may have made Elizabeth feel inferior- hence her refusing to name Mary her heir - Angering the puritans and protestants, if Elizabeth named a Catholic her heir, although this would be popular with the Catholics it would be unpopular with the protestants - If MQS became Queen of England she would most likely make England Catholic again, undoing all Elizabeth's work with the religious settlement and possibly persecuting Protestants as Mary I had done before her - Naming Mary her heir could fuel Catholic plots- as soon as Elizabeth was gone Mary could take the throne
40
what happened when religious war broke out in France in 1562?
Elizabeth was concerned about its potential to threaten her realm by encouraging religious conflict.
41
what had Elizabeth agreed with French Protestants in 1562?
That she would help then, in doing so she hoped to get Calais back in return
42
what was the result of the religious conflict in France in 1562?
The French protestants made peace with the French Catholics later in 1562
43
who did the Netherlands belong to in the 16th century?
King Phillip of Spain- a strict Roman Catholic
44
What did Phillip II do due to his disapproval with Elizabeth's support for Protestant rebels in England and France?
He banned the import of English cloth to the Netherlands as he believed that English merchants were encouraging the spread of Protestantism
45
how did Elizabeth react to Phillip II banning the import of English cloth to the Netherlands in 1563?
She retaliated by ceasing trading with the Netherlands. This trade embargo affected both countries economically and lasted only a year
46
why was Elizabeth concerned about France and Spain?
they were both very powerful, large,influential, catholic countries- and France in particular was very close to England. Elizabeth was concerned they might form an alliance against her- especially since in the 1530's after Henry VIII was excommunicated by the pope, the pope encouraged France and Spain to invade England and depose him
47
since what time had unhappiness been growing in the Netherlands about Spanish interference in Dutch affairs?
the 1550s
48
why did the Dutch not like Spain interfering in their affairs?
Although the Netherlands belonged to Spain, they were used to governing themselves
49
what led to the Dutch revolt?
When Phillip II of Spain decided to reorganise the Dutch government and church, he also brought the Spanish Inquisition to the Netherlands. These actions united the Catholics and Protestants against Spain and led to the start of the Dutch revolt in 1566
50
when was the Duke of Alba sent to the Netherlands and why?
The Duke of Alba was sent by Phillip II of Spain, with 10,000 men to put down the dutch revolt in 1567.
51
when was the Dutch revolt defeated?
by 1568
52
why did Alba establish his council of troubles in the Netherlands?
The council of troubles- nicknamed the council of blood, was set up in the Netherlands to enforce both Catholicism and obedience to the Spanish crown
53
who made up the council of troubles and what did they do?
The council of troubles was made up of loyal Dutch nobles and Spanish officials. It ignored local law and legal processes, condemning thousands to death- mainly protestants who had been protesting violently against Catholicism
54
what did Alba's actions with the council of troubles lead to?
Thousands of Dutch protestants fleeing into exile- many to England
55
why was Elizabeth concerned about Alba's presence in the Netherlands?
- Alba's army, with its mission against protestantism was within easy striking distance of England. - Elizabeth did not want to be seen as Europe's leading protestant monarch. She wished to avoid war and openly condemned the rebels- nevertheless, the rebels still came to England
56
who were the sea beggars?
Dutch rebels who fled over the water, they attacked Spanish ships in the English channel which were carrying men and resources to Alba' armies in the Netherlands. In 1567, Elizabeth began allowing sea beggars to shelter in English harbours
57
what was the Geonese loan?
in 1568, Spanish ships carrying gold to pay Alba's troops in the Netherlands took refuge from the sea beggars in English ports. The gold was a loan to Phillip II of Spain from bankers in the Italian city of Genoa. Elizabeth decided to take the gold for herself, arguing that the money belonged to Italy not Spain. This greatly angered the Spanish
58
What did Elizabeth hope to achieve when she took the geonese loan for herself?
She was trying to protect England's interests without going to war. By making Spain's task in the Netherlands as difficult as possible, she hoped to encourage Spanish forces to leave and allow the Dutch to continue governing themselves as before
59
what was the treaty of Troyes and when was it signed?
in 1564, Elizabeth signed the Treaty of Troyes, which confirmed the Calais belonged to France
60

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