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BMSc Statistics > Section 1 (Pgs 1-20) > Flashcards

Section 1 (Pgs 1-20) Flashcards

1
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Summary statistics that describe features of the data

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2
Q

What is inference?

A

The act of drawing a conclusion about a population based on a sample

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3
Q

What is data?

A

The raw material for data analysis

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4
Q

What are the 2 main types of data?

A

Quantitative

Qualitative

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5
Q

What is another name for qualitative data?

A

Categorical

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6
Q

what are the types of quantitative data?

A

Discrete

Continuous

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7
Q

Describe discrete data?

A

Whole numbers e.g. counts

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8
Q

Describe continuous data?

A

Continuous measurement can take any value, depending on the accuracy of the recording instrument e.g. height

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9
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Data where individuals or objects are classified into groups e.g. obese, overweight, normal weight, underweight or different types of diets

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10
Q

What are the types of qualitative data?

A

Ordinal
Nominal
Binary (binomial)

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11
Q

What type of qualitative data has a relationship between the categories meaning they can be ordered?

A

Ordinal

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12
Q

What type of qualitative data has no relationship between the categories?

A

Nominal

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13
Q

Name of the ordinal scale representing the degree of agreement with a statement?

A

Lickert scale

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14
Q

What type of qualitative data is categorial with only 2 values?

A

Binary/ binomial

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15
Q

What type of data is eye colour?

A

Nominal

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16
Q

What type of data is severity of disease?

A

Ordinal

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17
Q

What type of data is number of alcohol units?

A

Discrete

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18
Q

What type of data is waist to hip ratio?

A

Continuous

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19
Q

What type of data is time in hospital?

A

Discrete

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20
Q

What type of data is mortality?

A

Binary

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21
Q

What is the normal structure of a table?

A

Row per case

Column per variable

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22
Q

What is it called when a variable is recorded several times e.g. at multiple clinic visits, often represented by multiple columns on a table?

A

Repeated variables

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23
Q

What should you always do to data before beginning a formal analysis?

A

Inspect it

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24
Q

What is a population?

A

All the members of the particular group under study

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25
Q

What 2 properties should a sample have?

A

Large enough to detect any differences that are of interest

Representative of the population

26
Q

What do we have to be careful that a sample for a research study is not?

A

Biased

27
Q

What are the 2 most common ways to prevent biased?

A

Random sampling

Stratified random sampling

28
Q

What is a random sample?

A

One in which each member of the population has an equally likely, non-zero chance of being included

29
Q

When is a stratified sample taken?

A

When there are categories in the population that must be represented

30
Q

What non-ideal method of sampling is often done?

A

Convenience sampling

31
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Sample is not chosen randomly but is all that is available e.g. those that present at a clinic

32
Q

When using convenience sampling, what must be done?

A

Collection of full information to investigate for possible bias at the analysis stage

33
Q

Sampling method used for a diabetiologist’s research study of the long term effects of T2DM in his patients?

A

Convenience sample

34
Q

Sampling method used for a government investigation into the proportion of children born with CP in the last year (no central register)?

A

Random sample

35
Q

Types of sampling method?

A

Random
Stratified
Convenience

36
Q

What are the 7 main ways of presenting data?

A 
Tables
Bar charts
Pie charts
Histograms
Stem and leaf plots
Box and whisker plots
Scatter plots
37
Q

What 2 ways are used to present qualitative data?

A 
Bar charts (can also be used to represent discrete data)
Pie charts
38
Q

What 4 ways are used to present quantitative (usually continuous) data?

A

Histograms
Stem and leaf plots
Box and whisker plots
Scatter plots

39
Q

What do scatter plots do?

A

Display the relationship between 2, usually continuous, variables

40
Q

What is the purpose of organising data into tables?

A

Helps to identify errors, trends and special cases

41
Q

What type of table are categorical variables often summarised in?

A

A contingency table

42
Q

What does a contingency table do?

A

Gives the number or percentage in each category (if giving percentage, must also give the count and the denominator as a percentage with no other information can be misleading)

43
Q

If making a 3D pie chart, what should the volume represent?

A

The proportion

44
Q

What is the frequency distribution function?

A

The relationship between the data values and their frequencies

45
Q

How to calculate the relative frequency?

A

Subgroup count divided by total count

46
Q

What does the height of each column of a histogram represent?

A

Frequency

47
Q

What does the wide of a column on a histogram represent?

A

Grouping interval

48
Q

What is the areas of the columns of a histogram proportional to?

A

The frequencies in each group

49
Q

What is a relative frequency histogram?

A

One in which the height of the column is labelled with the relative frequency

50
Q

What is the total area of columns in a relative frequency histogram?
Why?

A

1
Corresponds to the probability of a subject chosen at random having a height in any of the classes. This is a certainty -> probability therefore = 1

51
Q

How is a frequency polygon constructed?

A

By joining the midpoints at the top of each column of the histograms

52
Q

What does the probability density function provide information about?

A

Probability of each variable

53
Q

How is a probability density function represented graphically?

A

By a frequency polygon in which the vertical axis corresponds to relative frequency

54
Q

What are the advantages of a stem and leaf diagram over a histogram? (2)

A

It is easier to construct

The individual values of the data are shown

55
Q

What do the whiskers on a box and whisker plot represent?

A

The minimum and maximum value (together form the range)

56
Q

How much of the data does the box in a box and whisker plot contain?

A

50%

57
Q

What does the upper and lower whiskers of a box and whisker plot sometimes represent?

A

The values above/below which 2.5% of values lie

58
Q

What does a box-and-whisker plot provide information about?

A

The symmetry and variability fo the distribution of the data

59
Q

What can be calculated form a scatter plot to assess the strength of the linear relationship?

A

Coefficient of correlation

60
Q

What is the name of the line on a scatter plot?

A

Regression line

BMSc Statistics (9 decks)

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