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Section 1 Particles Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of an ion

A

Charge/mass Charge = added electrons* (1.6010^-19C)
Mass = total number of nucleons * (1.6710^-27)

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2
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of a nucleus

A

Charge = Total charge of the proton * (1.6010^-19 C)
Mass = Total number of nucleons * (1.6710^-27 kg)
(look up formula)

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3
Q

Mass number is what on carbon

A

big number it’s the nucleon number

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4
Q

when do you show negative and positive specific charges

A

.If there is a gain in electrons, the specific charge will be negative.
.If there is a loss of electrons, the specific charge will be positive

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5
Q

What do AXZ letters mean in AZX Notation

A

A - at the top is the nucleon number
X - in the middle is chemical symbol
Z - Proton number

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6
Q

What happens when an isotope has an imbalance of neutrons and protons

A

This makes the isotope unstable so they consistently decay and emit radiation to achieve a more stable form
This can happen from anywhere between a few nanoseconds to 100000 years

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7
Q

What is isotopic data defined as

A

The relative amounts of different isotopes I’d an element present within a substance

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8
Q

Calculating relative atomic mass

A

(16 * 0.9976) + (17 * 0.0004)+ (18 * 0.002) = 16.0044

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9
Q

Strong nuclear force attraction range

A
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10
Q

give alpha decay equation for 212Po84

A

212Po84 —> 208Pb82 + 4alpha2

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11
Q

Beta minus decay

A

When neutron turns into a proton emitting an electron and an anti-electron neutrino
n —> p + e^- + —^ve

Element e.g:
14C6 —> 14N7 + 0B-1+ 0V^—e0

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12
Q

When are electron neutrinos produced

A

During B+ decay

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13
Q

Alpha and Beta radiation range

A

Alpha constant energy values
Beta has a Range of energy values

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14
Q

What is 1 fm

A

1*10^-15

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15
Q

What should I remember of the data formula sheet

A

Units of mass given in Kg and rest mass given in MeV (most likely will convert to J, due to plank constant being J)

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16
Q

Formulas for photon energy

A

E = hf and E = (hc)/lamda

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17
Q

What happens to energy of photon during higher frequency and wavelength

A

The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon’s electromagnetic frequency and thus, equivalently, is inversely proportional to the wavelength. The higher the photon’s frequency, the higher its energy. Equivalently, the longer the photon’s wavelength, the lower its energy.

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18
Q

What is a photon

A

A massless “packet” or a “quantum” of electromagnetic energy

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

how does electron and positron annihilation look like, and how do you calculate min energy of one photon after annihilation

A

electron and positron hit directly and release gamma radiation perpendicularly, energy: Emin = h*fmin

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21
Q

Brightness vs intensity of light for photons

A

more brightness means more photons
more intensity means more energy

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22
Q

What can happen when photon interacts with a nucleus, and the min amount of energy photon required Emin = h*fmin = 2E

A

particle and antiparticle pair

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23
Q

What are Hadrons made of and what does it mean

A

Subatomic particles that are made up of quarks so feel the strong nuclear force

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24
Q

What are the two classes of hadrons and what are the most common of those two types (for every particle mentioned there is antiparticle variant)

A

Baryons and Mesons
Most common baryons is proton and neutron made of up down quarks
Most common mesons are pions and kaons made up of up down and strange quarks

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25
Q

What charge rule do all baryons and mesons follow and what does it mean

A

They all have whole number charges, this means quarks in a baryon are either all quarks or anti-quarks

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26
Q

symbol of up quark

A

u

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27
Q

Charge and symbol of down quark

A

d

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28
Q

Charge and symbol of strange quark

A

s

−1/3

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29
Q

charge and symbol of charm quark

A

c

2/3

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30
Q

charge and symbol of top quark

A

t

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31
Q

charge and symbol of bottom quark

A

b

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32
Q

What is the baryon number of baryon, anti-baryon, particle that’s not a baryon, and up, down, and strange quark

A

baryon = 1
anti-baryon = -1
not baryon = 0
any quark = 1/3

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33
Q

what is the rule that all quarks must follow in a baryon

A

The implication of this is that baryons are made up of all quarks and anti-baryons are made up of all anti-quarks, because baryon must equal hole integer

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34
Q

What is the most stable meason

A

pions as they are the lightest

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35
Q

What are the four fundamental forces and what are each of these interactions caused by

A

strong force, the weak force, the electromagnetic force, and the gravitational force
they are caused by particle exchange

36
Q

What is the exchange particle of strong nuclear force

A

The pion is the exchange particle of the strong nuclear force. Pions are said to mediate (bring about) the strong nuclear force
(Pion is liked more than gluon in exam)

37
Q

What does this technically violate sort of

A

The pion created is a temporary violation of energy and mass conservation but since it is a virtual particle, it is not directly observed

38
Q

What interaction is the binding of quarks and what is the exchange particle

A

it’s the strong interaction
Exchange particle is Gluon

39
Q

what is the strong interaction and the strong nuclear force collectively referred to

A

Collectively, these are referred to as the strong force

40
Q

what charges can kaons have

A

Kaons (K–mesons) can also be positive (K+), negative (K–) or neutral (K0)

41
Q

how are kaons produced

A

Kaons can be produced by the strong interaction between pions and protons

42
Q

Why do kaons live for so long

A

This is because kaons contain a strange quark and longer lifetimes are characteristic of particles containing strange quarks

43
Q

what interaction do kaons decay through

A

Kaons decay through the weak interaction

44
Q

draw neutral kaon decay

A
45
Q

How do Leptons interact

A

Leptons interact with other particles via the weak, gravitational or electromagnetic interactions

46
Q

The most common leptons are:

A

The electron, e–
The electron neutrino, ve
The muon, μ–
The muon neutrino, vμ

47
Q

e.g of an anti lepton and it’s lepton number

A

muon+
lepton number is -1

48
Q

what is the strangeness number of strange and anti strange quark

A

strange quark = -1
anti strange quark = +1

49
Q

proton composition

A

uud

50
Q

neutron composition

A

udd

51
Q

quark make up of pions

A

π+ made up of an up quark and an anti-down quark
π– made up on an anti-up quark and a down quark
π0 made up of an up quark and anti-up quark or down quark and anti-down quark

52
Q

quark make up of kaons

A

K+ made up of an up quark and an anti-strange quark
K– made up on an anti-up quark and a strange quark
K0 made up of an down quark and anti-strange quark or anti-down quark and strange quark

53
Q

What are the interaction laws for strangeness

A

Strangeness is always conserved for strong interactions. Strangeness is sometimes not conserved for weak interactions

54
Q

How can you work out if interaction is strong or weak for strangeness

A

If the process involves changes in quark types (flavors): This indicates a weak interaction

55
Q

what do all particle interactions have to obey due to conservation laws

A

Charge, Q
Baryon number, B
Lepton number, L
strangeness, S (not in weak Interactions)
Energy ( or mass-energy)
momentum

56
Q

What is meant by “When two particles interact, there cannot be instantaneous action at a distance”

A

When two particles exert a force on each other, a virtual particle is created
Virtual particles only exist for a short amount of time and carry the fundamental force between each particle

57
Q

What is meant by “When two particles interact, there cannot be instantaneous action at a distance”

A

When two particles exert a force on each other, a virtual particle is created

58
Q
A
59
Q

What is exchange particle of B^- decay and what is B^- decay

A

W^- boson, and it’s neutron decay

60
Q

What is the exchange particle and Which way does the particle go in the proton electron interaction for electron capture and Electron-proton collision

A
61
Q

an electronvolt is defined as:

A

The energy gained by an electron travelling through a potential difference of one volt

62
Q

To convert between eV and J:

A

eV → J: multiply by 1.6 × 10-19
vice versa

63
Q

What happens when a charged particle is accelerated through a potential difference

A

it gains kinetic energy

64
Q

for electron volts If an electron accelerates from rest what does it mean

A

an electronvolt is equal to the kinetic energy gained

65
Q

what does the h constant mean

A

amount of energy photon can hold

66
Q

The photoelectric effect provides important evidence that light behaves as a

A

particle

67
Q

describe the photoelectric affect with the analogy

A

No matter how many of the table tennis balls are thrown at the coconut it will still stay firmly in place – this represents the low frequency photons
However, a single shot from the pistol will knock off the coconut immediately – this represents the high frequency photons

68
Q

what is work function Φ

A

The minimum energy required to release a photoelectron from the surface of a metal

69
Q

By increasing the e.m.f. of the supply, eventually a p.d. will be reached. doing what to the number of electrons that make it

A

at which no electrons are able to cross the gap – this is the stopping potential, Vs

70
Q

What sign is stopping voltage

A

negative but we mostly just care about the magnitude

71
Q

Explain how the value of energy obtained from the photoelectric affect equation is used

A

An amount of energy equal to the work function is used to release the photoelectron from the metal
The remaining energy will be transferred as kinetic energy to the photoelectron

72
Q

how does kinetic energy change

A

Ek(max) depends only on the frequency of the incident photon, and not the intensity of the radiation so independent of intensity

intensity - Intensity is the rate of energy transferred per unit area and is related to the number of photons striking the metal plate, intensity is proportional to the number of photons striking the metal per second

73
Q

what about units should you remember for the photoelectric equation

A

hf, Φ and Ek(max) must all have the same units (joules).

74
Q

the different graphs

A
75
Q

how does photoelectric current change

A

If you change the frequency of the incident light whilst keeping the number of photons emitted from the light source constant, then the photoelectric current will remain constant

This is because changing the frequency will change the energy of the emitted photons, but the number of photons will remain the same

If you change the frequency of the incident light whilst keeping the intensity constant, then the photoelectric current will change

This is because intensity is power per unit area which is equal to the rate of energy transfer per unit area

76
Q

Explain how UV light can be seen

A

When a high voltage is applied across the tube, electrons flow from the cathode to the anode producing an electron beam
These beam electrons collide with the electrons in the mercury atoms transferring kinetic energy in the collision
The atomic electrons in the mercury atoms are excited and move to a higher energy level
This high energy level state is unstable and so the electrons de-excite i.e. move back to their original ground state
As they de-excite, the electrons release that energy by emitting photons in the UV range of wavelengths
The UV photons then collide with electrons in the atoms of the phosphor coating and excite them into a higher energy level
As these phosphor electrons de-excite, they do so in stages emitting photons in the visible light range of wavelengths

77
Q

label

A
78
Q

Emission Spectra

A

When an electron transitions from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, this results in the emission of a photon
Each transition corresponds to a different wavelength of light and this corresponds to a line in the spectrum
The resulting emission spectrum contains a set of discrete wavelengths, represented by coloured lines on a black background
Each emitted photon has a wavelength which is associated with a discrete change in energy, according to the equation:

79
Q

Absorption Spectra

A

An atom can be raised to an excited state by the absorption of a photon
When white light passes through a cool, low pressure gas it is found that light of certain wavelengths are missing
This type of spectrum is called an absorption spectrum
An absorption spectrum consists of a continuous spectrum containing all the colours with dark lines at certain wavelengths
These dark lines correspond exactly to the differences in energy levels in an atom
When these electrons return to lower levels, the photons are emitted in all directions, rather than in the original direction of the white light
Therefore, some wavelengths appear to be missing
The wavelengths missing from an absorption spectrum are the same as their corresponding emission spectra of the same element

80
Q

what does the difference in line spectra tell you

A

The difference between two energy levels is equal to a specific photon energy

ΔE = hf = E2 - E1

Where:
E1 = Energy of the higher level (J)
E2 = Energy of the lower level (J)

81
Q

in spectrum difference what is inversely proportional

A

Photon energy and wavelength are inversely proportional

largest energy difference means shortest wavelength

82
Q

Light interacts with matter, such as …..?

Light propagates through space as ….?

A

Light interacts with matter, such as a particle, The evidence for this is provided by the photoelectric effect

Light propagates through space as a wave, The evidence for this comes from the diffraction and interference of light in Young’s Double-Slit Experiment

83
Q

The kinetic energy of the electrons is proportional to the …?

A

voltage across the anode-cathode: Ek = ½ mv2 = eV

84
Q

how to increase diffraction of electron

A

increase speed

85
Q

If the electron speed / kinetic energy is increased, by increasing the accelerating voltage, then:

A

The wavelength of the wave will decrease
The diffraction rings will appear closer together

linked through formula

Physics (13 decks)

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