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Biology - Molecules to cells > Section 1: Origin of life > Flashcards

Section 1: Origin of life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the levels of life?

A

1st Higher level - population communities, ecosystems
2nd Organism level - consisting of many organ systems
3rd Organ system level (digestive system)
4th Organ level (stomach)
5thTissue level (Smooth muscle tissue)
6th Cellular level (smooth muscle cell)

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2
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

It is an inflammatory disease
- joints become inflamed
- cells leave the blood vessels and go to the tissue (plasma makes it inflamed)
- TNF is also very high in rheumatoid arthritis (a gene protein)

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3
Q

How can we view Rheumatoid arthritis through different life levels?

A

Human: is the organism
Tissue: joints
Cell: fibroblasts

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Balance within the system (cells job is to maintain homeostasis)

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5
Q

Who is Van Leuwenhoek (1655)?

A

He was the first to see a microscopic world, coined the term “cell”

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6
Q

What is the Schleiden and Schwan cell theory?

A
  1. All creatures are made from cells
  2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
  3. Cells can live alone (unicellular) or together (multicellular)
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7
Q

What are cells made of?

A

nucleus, Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, Cell division (mitosis)

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8
Q

What are purines and pyrimidines considered?

A

Nucleotides: ATP, GTP (communication)
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA (information)

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9
Q

What are the 4 conjugated molecules?

A

Glycolipids, Glycoproteins, Lipoproteins, Nucleoproteins

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9
Q

What molecules do lipids include? (structure, energy, messengers)

A

Fatty acids, Glycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Cholesterol

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9
Q

How did life evolve?

A

Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago, the first sign of life was 4.2 billion years ago, oldest prokaryote was 3.5 billion years ago

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10
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Proteins (structures, enzymes, carriers, receptors, messengers)

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10
Q

What is a sugar?

A

Carbohydrate (structure, energy)

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11
Q

What does prebiotic world mean?

A

Just before life begins

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12
Q

Definition of abiotic

A

no life

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

How long ago was the first cell created?

A

1.5 billion years ago

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15
Q

What is the Miller and Urey experiment?

A

Conditions of early atmosphere could generate life specifically amino acids: the building blocks of proteins

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16
Q

What 7 things are biomolecules are cells made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, water

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17
Q

Definition of hydrophobic

A

Does not like water usually applies to lipids (stays on the inside of the membrane)

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18
Q

Definition of hydrophilic

A

Water loving, mixes with water will be on the outside of the lipid

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19
Q

What are the common features of a cell?

A

Nuclear region: this contains genetic material (DNA), allows DNA replication and DNA transcription.
Plasma membrane: separates the cell from outside, maintains order and allows transport
Cytoplasm: sites of catalytic reactions, required for growth and replication

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20
Q

Where is the nuclear region in a prokaryotes?

A

Genetic information is in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Where is the genetic information in eukaryotes?

A

Contained within the nuclear membrane separate from the cytoplasm

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22
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, bacteria/prokaryotes, eukaryotes

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23
Q

characteristics of Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes:
- no true nucleus
- Nuclear membrane called “nucleoid” no membrane separating it
- No membrane-bound organelles
- cell wall gives structure and rigidity
- smaller cells 1-5 μM

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24
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

-DNA within nucleus (membrane enclosed)
- contains organelles (eg-mitochondria)
- No cell wall (more fluid shape)
- larger cells 10-50 μM

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25
Q

What does surface to volume ratio mean?

A

This means that the smaller the cell the more nutrients is can absorb compared to its size (it is more efficient)

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26
Q

What is multi-cellularity?

A

cells working together in a community

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27
Q

What is inside of the nucleus?

A

Chromosomes: contain DNA, packaged proteins called chromatin
Nucleolus: Has a lot of ribosomal RNA
Nuclear Envelope: phospholipid bi-layer, allows the transport of RNA

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28
Q

What are ribosomes and some important facts:

A

They are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, central flow of genetic information
- They translate mRNA into PROTEINS
- found in cytoplasm and are also associated with the endoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

What is the process and function of DNA?

A

Replication of DNA: genetic material, self-replicating molecule , instructions for cellular life

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30
Q

What is the process and function of RNA?

A

Transcription of DNA: temporary copy of DNA, expresses the functions for life “messenger”

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31
Q

What is the process and function of proteins?

A

Translation of RNA: catalysts for cellular life (metabolism), effectors

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32
Q

Draw a eukaryotic cell and describe the functions of the parts:

A
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33
Q

What is the Endomembrane system? (inside the membrane)

A

-Nuclear membrane
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Plasma membrane

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34
Q

How does the endomembrane system work?

A

It is continuous or connected by transport using vesicles

35
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

going into the cell membrane

36
Q

What is secretion?

A

things leaving the cell membrane

37
Q

What are lipids?

A
  • diverse group of biochemicals
  • contain carbon-hydrogen chains/rings
  • confers rigid structure
    -amphipathic (both water hating and loving)
38
Q

What are the types of protein receptors in a cell membrane?

A
  • transporters/channels
  • Receptors
  • Specific proteins
39
Q

Draw a cell membrane and label:

A
40
Q

What is the difference between Gran negative and positive?

A

Gram negative: contain outer membrane with lots of lipids and transport proteins, thin wall of peptidoglycan (stain negative)
contains periplasmic space

Gram Positive: No outer membrane, Major peptidoglycan (carbohydrate polymer) cell wall, (stain positive - retains the stain), smaller periplasmic space

41
Q

What is the difference between plan cells and animal cells?

A

-Plant cells have thick cellulose, creates stability and protection
-Neighboring cells are side by side
- Three layers in plant cell

42
Q

What are the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? (draw a ven diagram)

A

Pro: no true nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, metabolism in the cytoplasm, cell wall gives structure, smaller cells 1-5
Euk: Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, no cell wall, larger cells

43
Q

What is the order of mitosis?

A

remember PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

44
Q

What are the stages of interphase?

A

Interphase comes before mitosis, it includes the G1, 2 and G2 phase, this is the longest part of the cell cycle, (it weirdly overlaps)
G1 phase: cell grows larger and organelles are copied
S phase: Synthesis, complete copy of DNA
G2 phase: cell grows more and makes proteins and organelles, reorganize in preparation for mitosis

45
Q

What happens if there is too much proliferation?

A

this is dangerous and can be cancer causing

46
Q

What are functions of cell division?

A
  • propagation
  • Growth and embryotic development
  • repairs and renewal
  • Sexual reproduction?
47
Q

What is meiosis?

A

cell division with sperm and egg that produces gametes, it halves the genetic complement, 2 copies of each chromosome

48
Q

Draw the first part of meiosis

A

First: Interphase - pair of homologous chromosomes duplicate (sister chromatids)
second meiosis 1: homologous chromosomes separate
meiosis 2: sister chromatids separate

49
Q

Draw the second part of meiosis

A

Prophase 1: chromatids held together during synapsis
2: Synapsis and crossing over
3: Movement to metaphase
Anaphase 1: Breakdown of proteins holding sister chromatids arms together
2: Chromosomes separate into different cells, there are recombinant chromosomes

50
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

51
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

52
Q

What domains share a common ancestry?

A

Archaea and Eukaryotes

53
Q

Why are microorganisms so important?

A
  • oldest form of life
    -largest mass of living material on earth
    -extreme diversity of structure and metabolism
  • Eukaryotic microbes were ancestors of all multicellular organisms
54
Q

What are bacteria categorized as?

A

They are prokaryotic: which means they have no nucleus, no cell organelles, and cell wall contains peptidoglycan

55
Q

What do plasmids in bacteria contain?

A

plasmids: extrachromosomal DNA, autonomous replication, can contain antibiotic resistant genes, or genes important to cause disease, they can be transferred to other bacteria

56
Q

What does peptidoglycan contain (in cell membrane)

A

N-Acetyl glucosamine (NAG)
N-Acetyl muramic acid (NAMA)
peptide side chains
connecting peptides

57
Q

What do flagella do for bacteria?

A

they enable motility/allow them to move, and there are different compositions of flagella

58
Q

Draw bacterial reproduction and explain key facts:

A
  • Asexual
  • Division into two identical daughter cells
  • Generation time: time taken to double
59
Q

What are the phases of cell growth?

A

Lag Phase: adaptation to environment, uptake of nutrient starts, onset cell division
Exponential growth: cells divide and duplicate (most growth)
Stationary phase: bacterial growth ceases, nutrient limitation (spore growth)
Death phase: cells die

60
Q

How do bacteria survive harsh conditions?

A

The create spores that are dormant until the conditions allow them to survive again
These conditions include: low nutrients, temperature (too hot/too cold)

61
Q

what does Aerobic mean?

A

Using oxygen

62
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

Not using/does not need oxygen
Example: This is apart of cell respiration as well

63
Q

What is a medicine that is anti-bacterial?

A

penicillin is anti-bacterial and acts on the cell wall (antibiotic)
- since the use of antibiotics infectious diseases not the most common things to cause death

64
Q

What domain are Archaea considered?

A

Prokaryotes

65
Q

What is the most common cell wall in archaea?

A

The S-layer made up of protein/glycoprotein and crystalline structure

66
Q

What type of bonds do archaeal membranes have?

A

They have ESTER linkages that bond fatty acids to glycerol

67
Q

What makes archaeal membranes unique?

A

The lipids can either form bi or mono layers

68
Q

What is different about archaeal flagella?

A

They are smaller than bacterial flagella

69
Q

What are distinguishing factors of fungi?

A

They are eukaryotes, usually filamentous (thin), tough cell walls, reproduce asexually and sexually and form spores

70
Q

What are the distinguishing factors of protists?

A

They are eukaryotic, diverse, mostly unicellular, motile (they move), complex life cycles

71
Q

What are the three types of fungal nutrition?

A

Saprophytic - digests dead organisms
Parasitic - digests live organisms
symbiotic - mutual benefit between the two organisms

72
Q

What are hyphae?

A

They are exceptions as they have multiple nucleuses and there structures have:
- tough cell wall
- plasma membrane
- cytoplasm and organelles
- large surface volume ratio

73
Q

What are septa?

A

they divide hyphae into compartments, which have single or multiple pores

74
Q

What do fungal cell walls contain?

A

tough polysaccharide containing N-acetylglucosamine (known as chitin)

75
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Budding, fission, or fragmentation

76
Q

What are the characteristics of protists?

A
  • free living
  • reside in decaying organic matter
  • a component of plankton
  • are symbiotic or parasitic
77
Q

What size are protists?

A

vary from microscopic to macroscopic

78
Q

How do protists reproduce?

A

Asexually and sexually

79
Q

What is plasmodium protist?

A

A species of protist that causes malaria they are an animal parasite

80
Q

What is a virus?

A

a noncellular particle that infects a host cell, where it reproduces.
-There are naked and enveloped viruses

81
Q

What does a virus particle have?

A

Virus particle = nucleic acid genome + protective protein capsid + lipid/protein envelope

82
Q

What are viruses made of?

A

-Genome (information for replication)
-Protein coat (protects genome)
-+/- envelope (lipid membrane)
-enzymes, immune modulators

83
Q

What are the different structures of viruses?

A

Enveloped and non-enveloped, enveloped have a lipid membrane and proteins (enzymes, immune modulators). While other just has protein shell and RNA.

84
Q

What are the different shapes of viruses?

A

Helical - rod-like, single protein forms long helix
Icosahedral - Ball shape
Complex virion structure - Tail-helical, no envelope, large DNA genome
Pleomorphic - enveloped, helical capsid, branches or coiled

85
Q

What are the six different types of viral genomes?

A
  • Linear double stranded DNA
  • Double Stranded RNA
  • +Single stranded RNA
    • Single stranded RNA
  • Circular double stranded DNA
    -Circular single stranded DNA
86
Q

What is the difference between a positive and negative strand in viruses?

A

(+)strand - mRNA; translated into protein immediately
(-)Strand - the complement of the (+) stand cannot be translated, it has to be copied into + sense first

87
Q

What does it mean to be a retrovirus?

A

The flow of genetic information goes backwards, reverse transcriptase

88
Q

Are viruses considered to be alive?

A

No they do not fit the requirements

Biology - Molecules to cells (4 decks)

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