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Biology - Molecules to cells > Section 1: Origin of life > Flashcards

Section 1: Origin of life Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the levels of life?

A

1st Higher level - population communities, ecosystems
2nd Organism level - consisting of many organ systems
3rd Organ system level (digestive system)
4th Organ level (stomach)
5thTissue level (Smooth muscle tissue)
6th Cellular level (smooth muscle cell)

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2
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

It is an inflammatory disease
- joints become inflamed
- cells leave the blood vessels and go to the tissue (plasma makes it inflamed)
- TNF is also very high in rheumatoid arthritis (a gene protein)

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3
Q

How can we view Rheumatoid arthritis through different life levels?

A

Human: is the organism
Tissue: joints
Cell: fibroblasts

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Balance within the system (cells job is to maintain homeostasis)

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5
Q

Who is Van Leuwenhoek (1655)?

A

He was the first to see a microscopic world, coined the term “cell”

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6
Q

What is the Schleiden and Schwan cell theory?

A
  1. All creatures are made from cells
  2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
  3. Cells can live alone (unicellular) or together (multicellular)
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7
Q

What are cells made of?

A

nucleus, Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, Cell division (mitosis)

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8
Q

What are purines and pyrimidines considered?

A

Nucleotides: ATP, GTP (communication)
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA (information)

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9
Q

What are the 4 conjugated molecules?

A

Glycolipids, Glycoproteins, Lipoproteins, Nucleoproteins

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9
Q

What molecules do lipids include? (structure, energy, messengers)

A

Fatty acids, Glycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Cholesterol

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9
Q

How did life evolve?

A

Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago, the first sign of life was 4.2 billion years ago, oldest prokaryote was 3.5 billion years ago

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10
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Proteins (structures, enzymes, carriers, receptors, messengers)

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10
Q

What is a sugar?

A

Carbohydrate (structure, energy)

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11
Q

What does prebiotic world mean?

A

Just before life begins

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12
Q

Definition of abiotic

A

no life

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

How long ago was the first cell created?

A

1.5 billion years ago

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15
Q

What is the Miller and Urey experiment?

A

Conditions of early atmosphere could generate life specifically amino acids: the building blocks of proteins

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16
Q

What 7 things are biomolecules are cells made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, water

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17
Q

Definition of hydrophobic

A

Does not like water usually applies to lipids (stays on the inside of the membrane)

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18
Q

Definition of hydrophilic

A

Water loving, mixes with water will be on the outside of the lipid

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19
Q

What are the common features of a cell?

A

Nuclear region: this contains genetic material (DNA), allows DNA replication and DNA transcription.
Plasma membrane: separates the cell from outside, maintains order and allows transport
Cytoplasm: sites of catalytic reactions, required for growth and replication

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20
Q

Where is the nuclear region in a prokaryotes?

A

Genetic information is in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Where is the genetic information in eukaryotes?

A

Contained within the nuclear membrane separate from the cytoplasm

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22
What are the three domains?
Archaea, bacteria/prokaryotes, eukaryotes
23
characteristics of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes: - no true nucleus - Nuclear membrane called "nucleoid" no membrane separating it - No membrane-bound organelles - cell wall gives structure and rigidity - smaller cells 1-5 μM
24
Characteristics of Eukaryotes
-DNA within nucleus (membrane enclosed) - contains organelles (eg-mitochondria) - No cell wall (more fluid shape) - larger cells 10-50 μM
25
What does surface to volume ratio mean?
This means that the smaller the cell the more nutrients is can absorb compared to its size (it is more efficient)
26
What is multi-cellularity?
cells working together in a community
27
What is inside of the nucleus?
Chromosomes: contain DNA, packaged proteins called chromatin Nucleolus: Has a lot of ribosomal RNA Nuclear Envelope: phospholipid bi-layer, allows the transport of RNA
28
What are ribosomes and some important facts:
They are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, central flow of genetic information - They translate mRNA into PROTEINS - found in cytoplasm and are also associated with the endoplasmic reticulum
29
What is the process and function of DNA?
Replication of DNA: genetic material, self-replicating molecule , instructions for cellular life
30
What is the process and function of RNA?
Transcription of DNA: temporary copy of DNA, expresses the functions for life "messenger"
31
What is the process and function of proteins?
Translation of RNA: catalysts for cellular life (metabolism), effectors
32
Draw a eukaryotic cell and describe the functions of the parts:
33
What is the Endomembrane system? (inside the membrane)
-Nuclear membrane - Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Lysosomes - Vacuoles - Plasma membrane
34
How does the endomembrane system work?
It is continuous or connected by transport using vesicles
35
What is endocytosis?
going into the cell membrane
36
What is secretion?
things leaving the cell membrane
37
What are lipids?
- diverse group of biochemicals - contain carbon-hydrogen chains/rings - confers rigid structure -amphipathic (both water hating and loving)
38
What are the types of protein receptors in a cell membrane?
- transporters/channels - Receptors - Specific proteins
39
Draw a cell membrane and label:
40
What is the difference between Gran negative and positive?
Gram negative: contain outer membrane with lots of lipids and transport proteins, thin wall of peptidoglycan (stain negative) contains periplasmic space Gram Positive: No outer membrane, Major peptidoglycan (carbohydrate polymer) cell wall, (stain positive - retains the stain), smaller periplasmic space
41
What is the difference between plan cells and animal cells?
-Plant cells have thick cellulose, creates stability and protection -Neighboring cells are side by side - Three layers in plant cell
42
What are the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? (draw a ven diagram)
Pro: no true nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, metabolism in the cytoplasm, cell wall gives structure, smaller cells 1-5 Euk: Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, no cell wall, larger cells
43
What is the order of mitosis?
remember PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
44
What are the stages of interphase?
Interphase comes before mitosis, it includes the G1, 2 and G2 phase, this is the longest part of the cell cycle, (it weirdly overlaps) G1 phase: cell grows larger and organelles are copied S phase: Synthesis, complete copy of DNA G2 phase: cell grows more and makes proteins and organelles, reorganize in preparation for mitosis
45
What happens if there is too much proliferation?
this is dangerous and can be cancer causing
46
What are functions of cell division?
- propagation - Growth and embryotic development - repairs and renewal - Sexual reproduction?
47
What is meiosis?
cell division with sperm and egg that produces gametes, it halves the genetic complement, 2 copies of each chromosome
48
Draw the first part of meiosis
First: Interphase - pair of homologous chromosomes duplicate (sister chromatids) second meiosis 1: homologous chromosomes separate meiosis 2: sister chromatids separate
49
Draw the second part of meiosis
Prophase 1: chromatids held together during synapsis 2: Synapsis and crossing over 3: Movement to metaphase Anaphase 1: Breakdown of proteins holding sister chromatids arms together 2: Chromosomes separate into different cells, there are recombinant chromosomes
50
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
51
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
52
What domains share a common ancestry?
Archaea and Eukaryotes
53
Why are microorganisms so important?
- oldest form of life -largest mass of living material on earth -extreme diversity of structure and metabolism - Eukaryotic microbes were ancestors of all multicellular organisms
54
What are bacteria categorized as?
They are prokaryotic: which means they have no nucleus, no cell organelles, and cell wall contains peptidoglycan
55
What do plasmids in bacteria contain?
plasmids: extrachromosomal DNA, autonomous replication, can contain antibiotic resistant genes, or genes important to cause disease, they can be transferred to other bacteria
56
What does peptidoglycan contain (in cell membrane)
N-Acetyl glucosamine (NAG) N-Acetyl muramic acid (NAMA) peptide side chains connecting peptides
57
What do flagella do for bacteria?
they enable motility/allow them to move, and there are different compositions of flagella
58
Draw bacterial reproduction and explain key facts:
- Asexual - Division into two identical daughter cells - Generation time: time taken to double
59
What are the phases of cell growth?
Lag Phase: adaptation to environment, uptake of nutrient starts, onset cell division Exponential growth: cells divide and duplicate (most growth) Stationary phase: bacterial growth ceases, nutrient limitation (spore growth) Death phase: cells die
60
How do bacteria survive harsh conditions?
The create spores that are dormant until the conditions allow them to survive again These conditions include: low nutrients, temperature (too hot/too cold)
61
what does Aerobic mean?
Using oxygen
62
What does anaerobic mean?
Not using/does not need oxygen Example: This is apart of cell respiration as well
63
What is a medicine that is anti-bacterial?
penicillin is anti-bacterial and acts on the cell wall (antibiotic) - since the use of antibiotics infectious diseases not the most common things to cause death
64
What domain are Archaea considered?
Prokaryotes
65
What is the most common cell wall in archaea?
The S-layer made up of protein/glycoprotein and crystalline structure
66
What type of bonds do archaeal membranes have?
They have ESTER linkages that bond fatty acids to glycerol
67
What makes archaeal membranes unique?
The lipids can either form bi or mono layers
68
What is different about archaeal flagella?
They are smaller than bacterial flagella
69
What are distinguishing factors of fungi?
They are eukaryotes, usually filamentous (thin), tough cell walls, reproduce asexually and sexually and form spores
70
What are the distinguishing factors of protists?
They are eukaryotic, diverse, mostly unicellular, motile (they move), complex life cycles
71
What are the three types of fungal nutrition?
Saprophytic - digests dead organisms Parasitic - digests live organisms symbiotic - mutual benefit between the two organisms
72
What are hyphae?
They are exceptions as they have multiple nucleuses and there structures have: - tough cell wall - plasma membrane - cytoplasm and organelles - large surface volume ratio
73
What are septa?
they divide hyphae into compartments, which have single or multiple pores
74
What do fungal cell walls contain?
tough polysaccharide containing N-acetylglucosamine (known as chitin)
75
How do fungi reproduce?
Budding, fission, or fragmentation
76
What are the characteristics of protists?
- free living - reside in decaying organic matter - a component of plankton - are symbiotic or parasitic
77
What size are protists?
vary from microscopic to macroscopic
78
How do protists reproduce?
Asexually and sexually
79
What is plasmodium protist?
A species of protist that causes malaria they are an animal parasite
80
What is a virus?
a noncellular particle that infects a host cell, where it reproduces. -There are naked and enveloped viruses
81
What does a virus particle have?
Virus particle = nucleic acid genome + protective protein capsid + lipid/protein envelope
82
What are viruses made of?
-Genome (information for replication) -Protein coat (protects genome) -+/- envelope (lipid membrane) -enzymes, immune modulators
83
What are the different structures of viruses?
Enveloped and non-enveloped, enveloped have a lipid membrane and proteins (enzymes, immune modulators). While other just has protein shell and RNA.
84
What are the different shapes of viruses?
Helical - rod-like, single protein forms long helix Icosahedral - Ball shape Complex virion structure - Tail-helical, no envelope, large DNA genome Pleomorphic - enveloped, helical capsid, branches or coiled
85
What are the six different types of viral genomes?
- Linear double stranded DNA - Double Stranded RNA - +Single stranded RNA - - Single stranded RNA - Circular double stranded DNA -Circular single stranded DNA
86
What is the difference between a positive and negative strand in viruses?
(+)strand - mRNA; translated into protein immediately (-)Strand - the complement of the (+) stand cannot be translated, it has to be copied into + sense first
87
What does it mean to be a retrovirus?
The flow of genetic information goes backwards, reverse transcriptase
88
Are viruses considered to be alive?
No they do not fit the requirements

Biology - Molecules to cells (4 decks)

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