Section 1 - Orientation of Structures Flashcards
Areflexia:
Hypereflexia:
Hyporeflexia:
Areflexia: lack of reflex
Hypereflexia: heightened reflex
Hyporeflexia: decreased reflex
Parkinson disease results from abnormality of ______ (leads to impaired movement)
the basal nuclei (in the substantia nigra - reward, addiction, movement)
Summarize pathology of Parkinson’s (please)
Dopamine-synthesizing neurons die - tremors and inability to control movements
Treatment of Parkinson’s:
Supplemental L-dope and carbidopa (prevent dopamine use in other areas besides the brain) to depolarize/hyperpolarize neurons AND/OR deep brain stimulation (DBS)
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation? (TMS)
Noninvasive method to depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons for various neurological and psychiatric disorders
What is a symptom? What is a sign?
Symptom: Departure from normal state of structure/fxn THAT IS EXPERIENCED BY THE PATIENT (subjective indicator)
Sign: Departure from normal state that is DISCOVERED/OBSERVED/EVALUATED BY PROFESSIONAL (objective indicator)
What is enhanced CT?
Iodinated contrast material injective via IV, followed by CT exam –> x-rays attenuated due to large atomic mass in vasculature (hyperdense). Enhances NEOPLASMS or INFLAMMATION (good for subarachnoid hemorrhage).
What is T1 in MRI?
Time constant for relaxation of cancelled out protons (CSF black, gray)
What is T2 in MRI?
Time constant for protons that aligned at higher energy level and magnetization to relax (CSF white, lighter)
What is echo time? (TE)
time required to collect radio waves from relaxing protons
What is repetition time? (TR)
time interval between each exciting radio wave
T1 weighted will give _____ TR and _____ TE
T2 weighted will give _____ TR and _____ TE
shorter TR and TE
longer TR and TE
When should you not do MRI?
Cardiac pacemakers, cochlear implants, implantable defibrillators, ferromagnetic shizz (or maybe if their insurance really sucks)
