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Clinical Immunology and Serology > Section 1: Nature of Immune System > Flashcards

Section 1: Nature of Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

A

Immunology

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2
Q

A foreign substance that induces such an immune response is called an?

A

Antigen/Immunogen

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3
Q

The practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions was known as ?

A

Variolation

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4
Q

The first written records of immunological experimentation date back to the ?

A

1500

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5
Q

An English country doctor that discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox?

A

Edward Jenner

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6
Q

The procedure of injecting cellular material became known as ?

A

Vaccination

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7
Q

The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as ?

A

Cross-immunity

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8
Q

Vaccination comes from Latin word Vacca means?

A

Cow

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9
Q

A Russian scientist, that observed that foreign objects introduced into transparent starfish larvae became surrounded by motile cells that attempted to destroy these invaders.

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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10
Q

Cells that eat cells

A

Phagocytosis

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11
Q

An English physician named linked the two theories by showing that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements.

A

Almoth Wright

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12
Q

A certain humoral, or circulating factors that acted to coat bacteria so that they became more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells.

A

Opsonins

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13
Q

Is the ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

A

Natural or Innate Immunity

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14
Q

Is a type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen and the ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure.

A

Acquired immunity

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15
Q

It is composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body.

A

External defense system

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16
Q

What did you call to the normal flora that often keeps pathogens from establishing themselves in the different parts of the body?

A

Competitive exclusion

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17
Q

The second part of the natural immunity?

A

Internal defense system

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18
Q

Phagocytosis is enhanced by soluble factors called

A

Acute-phase reactants

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19
Q

Normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by at least 25% due to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.

A

Acute-phase reactants

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20
Q

Acute-phase reactants are produced primarily by?

A

Hepatocytes or Liver parenchymal cells

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21
Q

Intercellular signaling polypeptides

A

Cytokines

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22
Q

A trace constituent of serum originally thought to be an antibody to the c-polysaccharide of pneumococci.

A

C-reactive protein

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23
Q

It increases rapidly within 4 to 6 hours fol-lowing infection, surgery, or other trauma to the body.

A

C-reactive protein

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24
Q

Plasma Half life of CRP?

A

19 hours

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25
Q

Most widely used indicator of acute inflammation

A

C-reactive protein

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26
Q

Other major protein whose concentration can increase almost a thousandfold, as is the case in CRP.

A

Serum amyloid A

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27
Q

Is apolipoprotein that is synthesized in the liver

and has a molecular weight of 11,685 daltons.

A

Serum amyloid A

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28
Q

Normal circulating levels of serum amyloid A

A

30ug/ml

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29
Q

It refers to a series of serum proteins that are normally present and whose overall function is mediation of inflammation.

A

Complement

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30
Q

Major functions of complement are

A

Opsonization, Chemotaxis, Lysis of cells

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31
Q

It is a trimer that acts as an opsonin, which is calcium-dependent.

A

Mannose-binding protein

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32
Q

Other term of Mannose-binding protein is??

A

Mannose-binding lectin

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33
Q

It has many similarities to the complement component C1q, as binding activates the complement cascade and helps to promote phagocytosis.

A

Mannose-binding lectin

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34
Q

Normal concentrations of Mannose-binding protein

A

up to 10ug/ml

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35
Q

Lack of MBP has been associated with recurrent ?

A

yeast infection

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36
Q

It is the major component of the alpha band when serum is electrophoresed.

A

Alpha1-Antitrypsin

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37
Q

Although the name implies that it acts against trypsin, it is a general plasma inhibitor of proteases released from leukocytes, especially elastase.

A

Alpha1-Antitrypsin

38
Q

It is an endogenous enzyme that can degrade elastin and collagen

39
Q

It acts to “mop up” or counteract the effects of neutrophil invasion during an inflammatory response.

A

Alpha1-Antitrypsin

40
Q

It is s an alpha2-globulin with a molecular weight of 100,000 daltons.

A

Haptoglobin

41
Q

Its primary function is to bind irreversibly to free hemoglobin released by intravascular hemolysis.

A

Haptoglobin

42
Q

It plays an important role in protecting the kidney from damage and in preventing the loss of iron by urinary excretion.

A

Haptoglobin

43
Q

Normal concentration of Haptoglobin?

A

40-290mg/dL

44
Q

What is the most abundant of the coagulation factors in plasma, and it forms the fibrin clot

A

Fibrinogen

45
Q

Fibrinogen molecule is a dimer with a molecular weight of?

A

340,000 daltons

46
Q

Normal levels range of Fibrinogen?

A

100-400mg/dL

47
Q

It consists of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 132,000 daltons.

A

Ceruloplasmin

48
Q

It is the principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma, binding 90 to 95 percent of the copper found in plasma

A

Ceruloplasmin

49
Q

A depletion of ceruloplasmin is found in what disease

A

Wilson’s disease

50
Q

Marginating occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood to the tissues through a process known as

A

Diapedesis

51
Q

are chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction.

A

Chemotaxins

52
Q

Total of 50-70% in peripheral white blood cells

A

Neutrophils

53
Q

make up between 1 and 3 percent of the circulating white blood cells in a nonallergic person

A

Eosinophils

54
Q

Less than 1 percent of all circulating white blood cells.

55
Q

10 to 15 μm in diameter and contain coarse, densely staining deep-bluish-purple granules that often obscure the nucleus

56
Q

It resemble basophils, but they are connective tissue cells of mesenchymal origin.

A

Mast cells

57
Q

Have a long life span of between 9 and 18 months

A

Mast cells

58
Q

Are the largest cells in the peripheral blood, with a diameter that can vary from 12 to 22 μm; they have an average size of 18 μm.

59
Q

abundant cytoplasm stains a dull grayish blue and has a ground-glass appearance due to the presence of fine dust like granules.

60
Q

Cells that become macrophages

61
Q

stay in peripheral blood for up to 70 hours

62
Q

two-fold to ten-fold increase in hgb is seen in inflammation, tissue necrosis, and stress

A

Haptoglobin

63
Q

A progressive cellular enlargement to between 25 and 80 μm

A

Tissue Macrophage

64
Q

Macrophages have specific names according to their particular tissue location: LUNGS

A

alveolar macrophages

65
Q

Macrophages have specific names according to their particular tissue location: LIVER

A

Kupffer cells

66
Q

Macrophages have specific names according to their particular tissue location: BRAIN

A

Microglial cells

67
Q

Macrophages have specific names according to their particular tissue location: CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Histiocytes

68
Q

main function is to phagocytose antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes.

A

Dendritic cells

69
Q

Dendritic cells have specific names according to their particular tissue location: SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE

A

Langerhans cells

70
Q

most potent phagocytic cell in the tissue

A

Dendritic cells

71
Q

A serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance and help prepare it for phagocytosis.

72
Q

“to prepare for eating.”

73
Q

may act by neutralizing the surface charge on the foreign particle, making it easier for the cells to approach one another.

74
Q

The overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent is known as

A

Inflammation

75
Q

the major type of cell present in acute inflammation.

A

Neutrophil

76
Q

Enhancement of phagocytosis by coating of foreign particles with serum proteins is called

a. opsonization.
b. agglutination.
c. solubilization.
d. chemotaxis.

77
Q

Jenner’s work with cowpox, which provided immunity against smallpox, demonstrates which phenomenon?

a. Natural immunity
b. Attenuation of vaccines
c. Phagocytosis
d. Cross-immunity

78
Q

Which of the following can be attributed to Pasteur?

a. Discovery of opsonins
b. Research on haptens
c. First attenuated vaccines
d. Discovery of the ABO blood groups

79
Q

Which of the following peripheral blood cells plays a keyrole in killing of parasites?

a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Lymphocytes
d. Eosinophils

80
Q

Which of the following plays an important role as an external defense mechanism?

a. Phagocytosis
b. C-reactive protein
c. Lysozyme
d. Complement

81
Q

The process of inflammation is characterized by all of the following except

a. increased blood supply to the area.
b. migration of white blood cells.
c. decreased capillary permeability.
d. appearance of acute-phase reactants.

82
Q

Skin, lactic acid secretions, stomach acidity, and the motion of cilia represent which type of immunity?

a. Natural
b. Acquired
c. Adaptive
d. Auto

83
Q

The structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cell is called a

a. phagosome.
b. lysosome.
c. vacuole.
d. phagolysosome.

84
Q

Which of the following white blood cells is capable of further differentiation in the tissues?

a. Neutrophil
b. Eosinophil
c. Basophil
d. Monocyte

85
Q

The presence of normal flora acts as a defense mechanism by which of the following means?

a. Maintaining an acid environment
b. Competing with pathogens for nutrients
c. Keeping phagocytes in the area
d. Coating mucosal surfaces

86
Q

Measurement of CRP levels can be used for all of the following except

a. monitoring drug therapy with anti-inflammatory agents.
b. tracking the normal progress of surgery.
c. diagnosis of a specific bacterial infection.
d. determining active phases of rheumatoid arthritis.

87
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of acute-phase reactants?

a. Rapid increase following infection
b. Enhancement of phagocytosis
c. Nonspecific indicators of inflammation
d. All of the above

88
Q

A latex agglutination test for CRP is run on a 12-year-old girl who has been ill for the past 5 days with an undiagnosed disease. The results obtained are as follows: weakly reactive with the undiluted serum and negative for both the positive and negative controls.What should the technologist do next?

a. Repeat the entire test
b. Report the results as indeterminate
c. Report the result as positive
d. Obtain a new sample

89
Q

Which is the most significant agent formed in the phagolysosome for the killing of microorganisms?

a. Proteolytic enzymes
b. Hydroxyl radicals
c. Hydrogen peroxide
d. Superoxides

90
Q

The action of CRP can be distinguished from that of an antibody in which of the following ways?

a. CRP acts before the antibody appears.
b. Only the antibody triggers the complement cascade.
c. Binding of the antibody is calcium-dependent.
d. Only CRP acts as an opsonin.

Clinical Immunology and Serology (2 decks)

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