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Unit 1: Basic Concepts in Immunology > Section 1: Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Section 1: Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology

A

the study of the physiological mechanisms that organisms used to defend themselves against invasion against other organisms

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2
Q

How did the study of immunology begin

A

-with the observation that survivors of an epidemic infectious disease usually were unaffected upon subsequent exposure to the same disease
-these survivors had become immune to infection

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3
Q

What collectively forms the immune system

A

-system of cells, molecules, and enzymes that an organism dedicates to defense
-majority of immune system found along GI tract

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4
Q

What is the immune system designed to defend against?

A
  1. bacteria
  2. viruses
  3. fungi
  4. parasites
    -but not all microorganisms are harmful
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5
Q

commensal organisms

A

are organisms that coexist on and in the human body, and are tolerated by the immune system that forms a mutualistic relationship
- “eat at the table”
-sometimes are mutualistic in which they protect us from harmful organisms

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6
Q

mutualism

A

-each organism gains a fitness advantage
ex: the bacteria that live within your gut normal gastrointestinal floral are crucial in digestion and absorption of nutrients and protection against harmful organisms

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7
Q

pathogenic organisms

A
  • pathogens, are microorganisms that have the potential to cause diseases
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8
Q

human microbiome

A

the collection of normally occurring (commensal) microorganisms that live in or within the human body
-500-1000 different species of organisms occupy the human microbiome (mostly in gut)
- 10^13 cells make up human body, estimated 10^14 bacterial cells living in the body
-every 1 cell of you there are 10 bacterial cells
-probably 10^15 viruses and phages

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9
Q

innate immune system

A

refers to immunity that is defined entirely at birth
-quick response
- relatively non-specific
-does not improve upon immediate exposure
-two arms of the immune system that recognize self from non-self (innate and adaptive)

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10
Q

adaptive immune system

A

-cannot have an adaptive immune response without a innate immune response
-refers to immunity that is developed (adapted) during an infection to a specific pathogen
-slower to respond than innate
-specific to a certain pathogen
-develops memory (improved response upon repeated exposure)

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11
Q

What is the first obstacle most pathogens have to overcome first

A

-the skin, a physical barrier that prevents entry into the body

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12
Q

epithelium

A

a tough layer of keratinized cells that line the outer surface and inner cavities of the body
-the skin and the commensal bacteria on it contribute to the innate immunity

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13
Q

continuous with the skin are the epithelial lining the

A
  1. respiratory
  2. gastrointestinal
  3. urogenital tract
    *mucosal surfaces have the first interaction with the outside world
    *key areas where immune system will reside
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14
Q

mucosal surfaces

A

are specialized epithelial surfaces lining the internal cavities of the body that
1. bathe in a mucous layer they secrete
2. more vulnerable to infection
3. designed to communicate, interact with outside world (lumen)
4. vary in cellular organization and specialization depending on the site

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15
Q

mucus

A

a thick fluid that protects against microbial invasion
-mechanical flow of fluid (cilia, respiratory tract)
-glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and enzymes
- pH can help protect against infection

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16
Q

defensins

A

antimicrobial peptides that disrupt membranes
-located in mucosal surfaces

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17
Q

Mechanical action of skin

A

-flow of fluid, perspiration, sloughing off the skin

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18
Q

chemical action of skin

A

-sebum (fatty acids, lactic acid, lysozyme)

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19
Q

microbiological action of skin

A

normal flora of skin

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20
Q

mechanical action of gastrointestinal tract

A

flow of fluid, mucus, food, and saliva

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21
Q

chemical action of gastrointestinal tract

A

acidity, enzymes (proteases)

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22
Q

microbiological action of gastrointestinal tract

A

normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract

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23
Q

mechanical action of respiratory tract

A

flow of fluid and mucus, by the cilia, air flow

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24
Q

chemical action of respiratory tract

A

lysozyme in nasal secretions

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25
Q

microbiological action of respiratory tract

A

normal flora of the respiratory tract

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26
Q

mechanical action of urogenital tract

A

flow of fluid, urine, mucus, sperm

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27
Q

chemical action of urogenital tract

A

acidity in vaginal secretions, spermine and zinc in semen

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28
Q

microbiological action of urogenital tract

A

normal flora of the urogenital tract

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29
Q

mechanical action of the eyes

A

-flow of fluid, tears

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30
Q

chemical action of the eyes

A

lysozyme in tears

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31
Q

microbiological action of the eyes

A

normal flora of the eyes

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32
Q

The innate response contains two steps

A
  1. recognition
  2. effector mechanism
33
Q

recognition

A

the pathogen is recognized by soluble proteins and cell surface receptors that bind to the pathogen or its products

34
Q

effector mechanisms

A

after recognition , effector cells of various types are recruited to fight the pathogen

35
Q

recognition receptors proteins bind to a diverse set of ligands such as

A
  1. peptides
  2. proteins
  3. glycoproteins
  4. peptidoglycan
  5. proteoglycan
    6.carbohydrates
  6. glycolipids
  7. phospholipids
  8. nucleic acids
36
Q

inflammation

A

-the innate immune response establishes inflammation at the site of an infection

37
Q

How is inflammation characterized

A

Heat (calor)
Redness (rubor)
Swelling ( tumor)
Pain (dolor)
-each characteristic is associated with a specific function of the innate immune response induced at site of infection

38
Q

cytokines

A

are soluble proteins that bind to specific receptors on various cell types and trigger a set of responses
-after a pathogen is recognized by an effector cell, inflammation is initiated by release of this
-immune system uses this to communicate to each other or other cells

39
Q

Inflammatory cytokines induce

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. edema
  3. extravasation
  4. recruitment
    * the accumulation of cells and fluid in and around the infection site causes skin to warm (redden, swell) which puts pressure on the nerve endings resulting in pain
40
Q

vasodilation

A

increases blood flow to the tissue, decreases laminar flow within the blood vessels, and the endothelium becomes permeabilized (gaps between cells)

41
Q

edema

A

expansion of the local blood volume causes swelling of the connective tissue

42
Q

extravasation

A

the movement of cells or fluid from within the blood vessels to the surrounding tissue

43
Q

recruitment

A

change in the cellular adhesion properties of the endothelial cells (not chemotaxis –> chemokines (diffusion gradient and a cell will follow that reverse gradient to get to a certain site))

44
Q

Clonal selection and expansion

A

-part of adaptive immunity
-the effector functions used by the innate and adaptive immune systems are similar but the receptors and mechanisms used to detect pathogens are different
-during the adaptive immune response lymphocytes that have receptors which can recognize pathogen specific antigens are selected to participate in the adaptive response

45
Q

antigen

A

any molecule or molecular fragment (Epitope) that can be bound by a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule and presented to a T-cell receptor (TCR)

46
Q

epitope

A

the portion of an antigenic molecule that is bound by an antibody (Ab) or gives rise to the MHC binding peptide that is recognized by a TCR

47
Q

clonal selection

A

the central principle of adaptive immunity , the mechanism by which adaptive immune responses derive only from individual antigen-specific lymphocytes

48
Q

clonal expansion

A

lymphocytes are stimulated by the antigen to proliferate and differentiate into antigen-specific effector cells

49
Q

primary immune response

A

-the severity of the first encounter with an infectious disease arises because this response is developed from very few specific lymphocytes
-it takes time for expansion thus giving the pathogen time to establish an infection
-the clones from this response include a population of long lived memory cells which will respond quicker and with more force the subsequent encounters with the pathogen (secondary immune response)
-this is the basic concept of immunization

50
Q

Innate and adaptive immunity are linked

A

-all adaptive immune responses are contingent upon an innate immune response
-it is important to have both effectively combat infections
-without adaptive infection can bypass the innate immune response and take control
-without the innate immune response you cannot mobilize an effective adaptive immune response

51
Q

cells of the immune system

A

white blood cells (leukocytes) or immune cells with different functions all derive from hematopoietic stem cells
-continuously being made through a process called hematopoiesis
-after birth hematopoiesis being takes place in the BONE MARROW and progenitor pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells give rise to
1. erythrocytes (red cells)
2. megakaryocytes (platelets)
3. leukocytes (white cells)

52
Q

small lymphocyte

A

production of antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper function (T cells)
- 20-50% found in body

53
Q

dendritic cell

A

activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune response
-account for less than 1 % of leukocyte population in circulation and tissues
-rarest and most important to the immune system

54
Q

plasma cell

A

-fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies

55
Q

mast cell

A

expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents

56
Q

natural killer cell

A

kills cells infected with certain viruses

57
Q

monocytes

A

circulating precursor cell to macrophage
- 2-10 % found in body

58
Q

neutrophil

A

phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
-40-75 % found in body

59
Q

macrophage

A

phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
-activation of T cells and initiation of immune response

60
Q

eosinophil

A

killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
- 1-6 % found in body

61
Q

basophile

A

controlling immune responses to parasites
- <1 % found in body

62
Q

megakarocytes

A

platelet formation, wound repair
-produce platelets

63
Q

erythrocyte

A

oxygen transport

64
Q

Lymphoid tissues (organs)

A

-we look at peripheral blood to study human lymphocytes but most can be found in specialized tissues called lymphoid tissues
-functionally divided into two types
1. primary (central)
2. secondary (peripheral)

65
Q

primary (central) lymphoid tissue

A

are when lymphocytes develop and mature in the bone marrow and thymus

66
Q

secondary (peripheral) lymphoid tissue

A

-lymphoid tissues other than bone marrow or thymus
-lymph nodes
-GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)
-BALT (bronchial-associated)
-MALT (mucosa-associated)
- spleen

67
Q

Examples of secondary lymphoid tissue found in gut

A

-most secondary lymphoid tissue is associated with the gut (GALT)
-Tonsils
-Adenoids
-Appendix
-Peyer’s patches

68
Q

lymphocyte recirculation

A

-the movement of lymphocytes are unique among blood cells in that they travel between the blood and a specialized network of lymphatic vessels (LYMPHATICS)
-most cells in peripheral blood are inactivated, the minute it becomes activated it moves through the lymphatics to a site of inflamation or lymph node

69
Q

lymph nodes

A

lie at the junction between the lymphatics and the blood

70
Q

Where is the adaptive immune response initiated?

A

-secondary lymphoid tissue (lymph node, peyer’s patches, spleen)

71
Q

Draining lymph node

A

-the lymph node receiving the fluid collected at an infected site

72
Q

Path of a draining lymph node

A
  1. pathogen components, dendritic cells in the afferent (acquire) lymph draining the site of the infection
  2. once in lymph node the dendritic cells take up residence and begin stimulating T-cells and B-cells, thus initiating the adaptive immune response
    3 once clonal selection and expansion has occurred; mature, activated effector lymphocytes leave the lymph node through the efferent (exit) lymphatics
73
Q

What does the spleen serve?

A
  1. filter the blood
  2. defense against blood borne pathogens
74
Q

white pulp

A

similar in structure and function to lymph nodes
-found in the spleen

75
Q

Peyer’s patch

A

-example of a organized GALT which is located in the regions of the small intestine
-specialized M cells sample the environment of the GI lumen for potential pathogens

76
Q

leukocytes

A

any cell in the immune system

77
Q

germinal centers

A

where the cells are growing

78
Q

sinuses

A

where the arterioles and veniules come in and where affernt and efferent ducts are located

Unit 1: Basic Concepts in Immunology (6 decks)

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