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Higher Human Biology > Section 1-Human Cells > Flashcards

Section 1-Human Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What name is given to human body cells that are not involved in reproduction

A

Somatic cells

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are found in somatic cells

A

46

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3
Q

By what process do somatic cells produce more somatic cells

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What name is given to the human cells involved in producing the gametes for reproduction

A

Germline cells

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5
Q

By what process do germline cells produce more germline cells

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

In which part of the body are germline cells found

A

Ovaries and Testes

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7
Q

What name is given to the abnormal mass of cells formed by uncontrolled cell division of cancer cells

A

Tumour

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8
Q

To which carbon attachment points do bases and phosphate attach in a DNA nucleotide

A

Carbon 1. Carbon 5

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9
Q

What name is given to the backbone of a DNA strand formed from deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

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10
Q

What type of bonds form between bases on the two complementary stand

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

What term is used to describe the fact that the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other

A

Anti-parallel

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12
Q

Name the two ends of one DNA strand

A

3’ and 5’

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13
Q

What name is given to the the arrangements of the two strands of DNA

A

Double Helix

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14
Q

What name is given to the strand that is found on the Kraft handsise on a DNA strand that runs from 3’ to 5’

A

Leading strand

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15
Q

What name is given to the short sequence of the nucleotides that attach to the 3’ end of the parental strand about to be replicated

A

Primer

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16
Q

What name is given to the enzyme needed to replicate the strands during DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase

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17
Q

How is the replication of the leading strand described because it is replicated without any interruption

A

Lagging strand

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18
Q

How is the replication of the lagging strand described because it is replicated on fragments

A

Discontinuous

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19
Q

Name the enzyme needed to join the fragments together in the lagging strand

A

Ligase

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20
Q

Name 5 requirements of DNA replication

A 
DNA template strand 
ATP 
DNA nucleotides 
Primers 
DNA polymerase and ligase
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21
Q

What name is given to the technique that can be used to create many copies of a piece of DNA outside the body

A

Polymerase chain reaction PCR

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22
Q

What word is used to describe the fact that you are making multiple copies of a piece of DNA in PCR

A

Amplication

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23
Q

Describe the first stage in PCR

A

Heat the DNA strand to 92-98*C to break the hydrogen bonds and deprecate the strands

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24
Q

The next stage of PCR after heating involves cooling the DNA down to between 50/65*C. Why does the DNA have to be cooled?

A

So the primers can attach

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25
Q

Lastly the DNA is heated to 70-80*C to allow an enzyme to replicate the strand. Name the enzyme involved

A

Heat tolerant DNA polymerase

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26
Q

Name three uses of amplified DNA produced through PCR

A

Forensic (crime scene investigation)
Medical (genetic disorder diagnosis)
Paternity dispute

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27
Q

Describe the difference between DNA & RNA

A

DNA- double stranded

     - deoxyribose sugar 
     - A&T G&C

RNA-single stranded

    - ribose sugar 
    - A&U  G&C
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28
Q

Name the two stages involved in gene expression

A

Translation & transcription

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29
Q

In which region of the cell does transcription take place

A

Nucleus

30
Q

Name the region on the DNA strand where transcription begins

A

Promoter region

31
Q

Name the enzyme involved in transcription

A

RNA polymerase

32
Q

Name the region on the DNA strand where transcription is ends

A

Terminator region

33
Q

What name is given to the strand formed initially after transcription

A

Primary transcription of mRNA

34
Q

What process follows follows the formation of the primary transcription of mRNA

A

Splicing

35
Q

Where does the process of the splicing happens

A

Nucleus

36
Q

During splicing what parts are cut out

A

Non-coding regions called introns

37
Q

During splicing what regions are retained

A

Coding regions called exons

38
Q

The same piece of DNA can be used to make several proteins due to the fact that occasional different regions can act as introns and exons. What name is given to this

A

Alternative RNA splicing

39
Q

In which part of the cell does translation occur

A

ribosome

40
Q

where are tRNA molecules found

A

Cytoplasm

41
Q

What name is given to every 3 based on a mRNA strand

A

Codon

42
Q

What name is given to the 3 based at the end of a tRNA

A

anticodon

43
Q

The anticodon acts as a code word to attach something to the other end of the tRNA. What is it that attaches

A

Amino acid

44
Q

How many different amino acid exist

A

20

45
Q

Where does the process of translation begin

A

Start codon

46
Q

What type of bonds form between the codons and anticodon as they pair up

A

Hydrogen bonds

47
Q

Amino acids start to align with one other when tRNA anticodons join up with mRNA codons. What type of bonds forms between adjacent amino acids

A

Many peptide bonds

48
Q

When does the process of translation stop

A

When a stop codon is reached

49
Q

What happens to the tRNA and mRNA at the end of translation

A

It detaches from the ribosomes and is released back into the cytoplasm for reuse

50
Q

What other type of bonds can be found between a polypeptide apart from peptide bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds

51
Q

Name some functions of the proteins produced in gene expression

A

Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural proteins

52
Q

What combination of factors determine the overall phenotype of an individual

A

Genotype

Environmental factors

53
Q

What name is given to an individual effected by a mutation

A

Mutant

54
Q

Name some mutagenic agents

A

X-rays
Gamma Rays
Mustard Gas
UV light

55
Q

Name 3 point mutations which are single gene mutations

A

Substitution
Insertion
Deletion

56
Q

Name 2 point mutations that cause the frameshift effect

A

Insertion

Deletion

57
Q

Substitution usually results in only one amino acid being changed, it has a mailed effect on the individual. When could it cause a major effect

A

When one substitution cause a codon to become a stop codon causing translation to be stopped prematurely and the protein produced is missing many amino acids as a result

58
Q

What name is given to proteins that still function but have had only slight changes made to the their structure. They still make sense but not the original sense.

A

Missense

59
Q

What name is given to a proteins that do not make any sense at all and are unable to function

A

Nonsense

60
Q

What name is given to a mutation where introns are retained in error during splicing

A

Splice site mutations

61
Q

Name 4 examples of chromosome mutations

A

Deletion
Duplication
Insertion
Translocation

62
Q

What name is given to the mutation where some genes are deleted from the chromosomes

A

Deletion

63
Q

What name is given to the mutation where some of the genes from one chromosome break off and join onto the genes of a completely different chromosome

A

Translocation

64
Q

What name is given to a mutation when someone of the genes rotate 180* on a chromosome

A

Inversion

65
Q

What name is given to the fission of molecular biology, statistical analysis and computer technology in the study of the human genome

A

Bioinformatics

66
Q

What name is given to the complete sequencing of a person DNA bases

A

Personalised genomic sequencing

67
Q

What name is given to the use of genomic information in choosing pharmaceutical drugs

A

Pharmacogenetics

68
Q

What are the advantages of pharmacogenetics

A

Allows for more effective treatment by selecting a suitable drug and correct dosage

69
Q

What type of sequences make up the genome

A

Coding sequences and non-coding regions

70
Q

What name is given to the thousands of biochemical reactions that occur in living cells

A

Metabolism

71
Q

The quantity of energy consumed by an organism per unit time is a measure of what rate

A

Metabolic rate

72
Q

Name two types of metabolic pathway

A

Anabolic

Catabolic

Higher Human Biology (1 decks)

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