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Higher Human Biology > Section 1-Human Cells > Flashcards

Section 1-Human Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What name is given to human body cells that are not involved in reproduction

A

Somatic cells

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2
Q

How many chromosomes are found in somatic cells

A

46

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3
Q

By what process do somatic cells produce more somatic cells

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What name is given to the human cells involved in producing the gametes for reproduction

A

Germline cells

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5
Q

By what process do germline cells produce more germline cells

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

In which part of the body are germline cells found

A

Ovaries and Testes

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7
Q

What name is given to the abnormal mass of cells formed by uncontrolled cell division of cancer cells

A

Tumour

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8
Q

To which carbon attachment points do bases and phosphate attach in a DNA nucleotide

A

Carbon 1. Carbon 5

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9
Q

What name is given to the backbone of a DNA strand formed from deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

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10
Q

What type of bonds form between bases on the two complementary stand

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

What term is used to describe the fact that the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other

A

Anti-parallel

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12
Q

Name the two ends of one DNA strand

A

3’ and 5’

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13
Q

What name is given to the the arrangements of the two strands of DNA

A

Double Helix

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14
Q

What name is given to the strand that is found on the Kraft handsise on a DNA strand that runs from 3’ to 5’

A

Leading strand

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15
Q

What name is given to the short sequence of the nucleotides that attach to the 3’ end of the parental strand about to be replicated

A

Primer

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16
Q

What name is given to the enzyme needed to replicate the strands during DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase

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17
Q

How is the replication of the leading strand described because it is replicated without any interruption

A

Lagging strand

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18
Q

How is the replication of the lagging strand described because it is replicated on fragments

A

Discontinuous

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19
Q

Name the enzyme needed to join the fragments together in the lagging strand

A

Ligase

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20
Q

Name 5 requirements of DNA replication

A 
DNA template strand 
ATP 
DNA nucleotides 
Primers 
DNA polymerase and ligase
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21
Q

What name is given to the technique that can be used to create many copies of a piece of DNA outside the body

A

Polymerase chain reaction PCR

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22
Q

What word is used to describe the fact that you are making multiple copies of a piece of DNA in PCR

A

Amplication

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23
Q

Describe the first stage in PCR

A

Heat the DNA strand to 92-98*C to break the hydrogen bonds and deprecate the strands

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24
Q

The next stage of PCR after heating involves cooling the DNA down to between 50/65*C. Why does the DNA have to be cooled?

A

So the primers can attach

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25
Lastly the DNA is heated to 70-80*C to allow an enzyme to replicate the strand. Name the enzyme involved
Heat tolerant DNA polymerase
26
Name three uses of amplified DNA produced through PCR
Forensic (crime scene investigation) Medical (genetic disorder diagnosis) Paternity dispute
27
Describe the difference between DNA & RNA
DNA- double stranded - deoxyribose sugar - A&T G&C RNA-single stranded - ribose sugar - A&U G&C
28
Name the two stages involved in gene expression
Translation & transcription
29
In which region of the cell does transcription take place
Nucleus
30
Name the region on the DNA strand where transcription begins
Promoter region
31
Name the enzyme involved in transcription
RNA polymerase
32
Name the region on the DNA strand where transcription is ends
Terminator region
33
What name is given to the strand formed initially after transcription
Primary transcription of mRNA
34
What process follows follows the formation of the primary transcription of mRNA
Splicing
35
Where does the process of the splicing happens
Nucleus
36
During splicing what parts are cut out
Non-coding regions called introns
37
During splicing what regions are retained
Coding regions called exons
38
The same piece of DNA can be used to make several proteins due to the fact that occasional different regions can act as introns and exons. What name is given to this
Alternative RNA splicing
39
In which part of the cell does translation occur
ribosome
40
where are tRNA molecules found
Cytoplasm
41
What name is given to every 3 based on a mRNA strand
Codon
42
What name is given to the 3 based at the end of a tRNA
anticodon
43
The anticodon acts as a code word to attach something to the other end of the tRNA. What is it that attaches
Amino acid
44
How many different amino acid exist
20
45
Where does the process of translation begin
Start codon
46
What type of bonds form between the codons and anticodon as they pair up
Hydrogen bonds
47
Amino acids start to align with one other when tRNA anticodons join up with mRNA codons. What type of bonds forms between adjacent amino acids
Many peptide bonds
48
When does the process of translation stop
When a stop codon is reached
49
What happens to the tRNA and mRNA at the end of translation
It detaches from the ribosomes and is released back into the cytoplasm for reuse
50
What other type of bonds can be found between a polypeptide apart from peptide bonds
Hydrogen bonds
51
Name some functions of the proteins produced in gene expression
Enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural proteins
52
What combination of factors determine the overall phenotype of an individual
Genotype | Environmental factors
53
What name is given to an individual effected by a mutation
Mutant
54
Name some mutagenic agents
X-rays Gamma Rays Mustard Gas UV light
55
Name 3 point mutations which are single gene mutations
Substitution Insertion Deletion
56
Name 2 point mutations that cause the frameshift effect
Insertion | Deletion
57
Substitution usually results in only one amino acid being changed, it has a mailed effect on the individual. When could it cause a major effect
When one substitution cause a codon to become a stop codon causing translation to be stopped prematurely and the protein produced is missing many amino acids as a result
58
What name is given to proteins that still function but have had only slight changes made to the their structure. They still make sense but not the original sense.
Missense
59
What name is given to a proteins that do not make any sense at all and are unable to function
Nonsense
60
What name is given to a mutation where introns are retained in error during splicing
Splice site mutations
61
Name 4 examples of chromosome mutations
Deletion Duplication Insertion Translocation
62
What name is given to the mutation where some genes are deleted from the chromosomes
Deletion
63
What name is given to the mutation where some of the genes from one chromosome break off and join onto the genes of a completely different chromosome
Translocation
64
What name is given to a mutation when someone of the genes rotate 180* on a chromosome
Inversion
65
What name is given to the fission of molecular biology, statistical analysis and computer technology in the study of the human genome
Bioinformatics
66
What name is given to the complete sequencing of a person DNA bases
Personalised genomic sequencing
67
What name is given to the use of genomic information in choosing pharmaceutical drugs
Pharmacogenetics
68
What are the advantages of pharmacogenetics
Allows for more effective treatment by selecting a suitable drug and correct dosage
69
What type of sequences make up the genome
Coding sequences and non-coding regions
70
What name is given to the thousands of biochemical reactions that occur in living cells
Metabolism
71
The quantity of energy consumed by an organism per unit time is a measure of what rate
Metabolic rate
72
Name two types of metabolic pathway
Anabolic | Catabolic

Higher Human Biology (1 decks)

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