Section 1: Foundational Knowledge: Easy Flashcards

Question

Darwinian Selectionism

Answer 1

*(Selection by Consequences)* * influenced radical behaviorism * discusses a 3 term contingency with regard to species and survival * evolution as a result of selection with respect to **FUNCTION** * Selection by consequences operates during the lfietime of the individual (**ONTOGENY)** and is similar to natural selection in the evolutionary history of a species (**PHYLOGENY**) * Operant selection by consequences requires variation in behavior * Behaviors that result in the best outcomes are selected and survive leading to more adaptive repertoires

Answer 2

* influenced radical behaviorism * A probabilistic AB-because of C Philosopy * the relation between the setting-A and the behavior-B is because of the consequence-C * focuses on "How do things come to be as they are and how can things be changed?" * the meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences

Answer 3

*(Reflex; Relexive Relations; Unconditioned Stimulus-Uncondictioned Response [US-UR]* * behavior that is ELICITED by antecedent stimuli * INVOLUTNARY * unlearned * REFLEX- the unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response that is genetic * product of natural evolution because it has survival value for the species * **Habituation**- When the eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly over a short time, the strength of the respondent behavior diminishes * Ex: A bright light shone in the eyes repeatedly makes pupil contraction lessen * Ex: The startle response to a loud noise diminishes with repeated presentations * Respondent behavior is due to **PHYLOGENIC** history

Answer 4

* In RESPONDENT CONDITIONING, when the eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly over a short time, the strength of the respondent behavior diminishes * Ex: A bright light shone in the eyes repeatedly makes pupil contraction lessen * Ex: The startle response to a loud noise diminishes with repeated presentations

Answer 5

* behavior that is inheritied gentically * RESPONDENT behavior is due to phylogenic history

Answer 6

*(Classical Conditioning; Pavlovian Conditioning; S-S [Stimulus Stimulus] Pairing; Conditioned Stimulus-Conditioned Response [CS-CR])* * Ivan Pavlov * When new stimuli acquire the ability to elicit respondents

Answer 7

*(SRS [Stimulus Response Stimulus] Model; 3 Term Contingency; ABC)* * EMIT/EVOKE * Any behavior whose probability of occurence is determined by its history of consequences * VOLUNTARY * operants are defined in terms of their relationship to controlling variables--function (NOT topography) * encompasses reinforcement and punishment * can be subject to **ADAPTATION**- Reductions in responding evoked by an antecedent stimulus over repeated or prolonged presentations * Operant behavior is due to **ONTOGENIC** history

Answer 8

Reductions in responding evoked by an antecedent stimulus over repeated or prolonged presentations (in operant conditioning) Ex: No longer laughing at a joke after you've heard it for the 3rd time Ex: No longer reacting to observer after they've been there for a while

Answer 9

_O is for Operant and Ontogenic_ ## Footnote Learning that results from an organism's interaction with their environment

Answer 10

*(Behavioral Contingency; Contingency; 3 Term Contingency; ABC)* * The occasion for a response (S^D), the response, and the outcome of the response * The dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrence of ehavior

Answer 11

3 Term Contingency (A-B-C)

Answer 12

*(Temporal Contiguity)* * When two stimuli occur close together in time, resulting in an association of those two stimuli * Contiguity in Respondent Conditioning: * affects the pairing of the CS and US * Contiguity in Operant Conditioning * affects the pairing of the behavior and consequence * Ex: Superstitious Behavior

Answer 13

When the temporal contiguity between a specific response and reinforcer or punisher creates a contingency that does not exist (e.g. hearing break a leg and then doing well in a performance)

Answer 14

An experience can often include both respondent and operant conditioning that occur together at the same time. Ex: Heating food in the microwave Respondent Conditioning: The sound of the microwave beeping is the NS and is paired with your favorite food (US) which results in salivation (UR). This results in the microwave beeping becoming the CS for salivation (CR). Operant Conditioning: The microwave beeping is the S^D that evokes the behavior of oging to get the food from the microwave. Eating the food is the reinforcer. When the microwave beep (S^D) is presented again in the future, the resposne is more likely to occur

Answer 15

* If a dead man can do it, it's not behavior. If a dead man can't do it, it is behavior.

Answer 16

_PER_ Scientifically derived rules of nature that describe the predictable relation between a biological organism's responses and objects and events that can influence behavior. All ABA strategies are derived from these 3 principles: 1. Punishment 2. Extinction 3. Reinforcement

Answer 17

* an item of behavior that is initially spontaneous, rather than a response to a prior stimulus, but whose consequences may reinforce or inhibit recurrence of that behavior * Response-Consequence relationship. Similar behaviors that are strengthened or weakened collectively as a result of operant conditioning