Section 1 Exam High Yield

Question 1

average life span of RBCs, neutrophils, platelets

Answer 1

RBC = 120 days
Neutrophils = 7 hours 
Platelets = 7-14 days (~10)

Question 2

specific cleavage trypsin

Answer 2

only @ Arg and Lys

Question 3

specific cleavage of thrombin

Answer 3

limited proteolysis only @ Arg of 200 in fibrinogen, near N-terminus of alpha and beta chains

Question 4

serine proteases [type of enzyme]

Answer 4

trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasminogen, urokinase, thrombin, blood factors, protein C

Question 5

SERPIN [type of enzyme]

Answer 5

Serine Protease Inhibitor
alpha1PI (alpha 1 protease inhibitor, alpha1 anti-trypsin) = inhibits neutrophils elastase
ATIII (anti-thrombin III) = activated by heparin to inhibit thrombin

Question 6

alzheimer’s

Answer 6

APP (amyloid precursor protein) involved in neuron growth, survival, and post-injury repair
AB forms B sheets & clump = amyloid plaques (resistant to proteases and insoluble)
may facilitate tau hyperphosphorylation = forms neurofibrillary tangles in neurons

Question 7

BSE (bovine spongiform encephalitis, mad cow disease)

Answer 7

linked to vCJD (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) 
eat meat from mad cows 
normal prions (PrP) interact and form PrPSC in domino effect 
cross intestine epithelium via transcytosis, then uptake by macrophages or dendritic cells through CNS, then to brain 
beta sheets = infectious 
alpha helix = normal

Question 8

scrapies

Answer 8

infectious prions in sheep

Question 9

kuru

Answer 9

infectious prions from cannibalism of tribe members in Papua New Guinea

Question 10

pulmonary emphysema

Answer 10

smoking and inhaled oxidants damage alpha1PI = elastase attacks elastin in alveoli = decrease in surface area
can’t inhale O2 or exhale CO2 = decrease in pH = respiratory acidosis

Question 11

multiple myeloma

Answer 11

cancer of Ig producing lymphocytes, single antibody secreting cancerous B-cell or plasma cell, produces IgG or IgA usually = monoclonal antibody = AA sequence identical, kappa or lambda chains but not both

Question 12

symptoms and findings of multiple myeloma:

Answer 12

grow so fast - produce excess light chains found in urine [Bence-Jones proteins]
increase creatinine = decreased kidney function due to Bence-Jones proteins
produce cytokines: RANKL = induces osteoclasts, DKK1 = inhibits osteoblasts
mild anemia and susceptibility to infection, increased ESR [erythrocyte sedimentation rate]
electrophoresis = results in paraprotein (sharp peak) = determine type of Ig and light chain
increased Beta2 microglobulin = fast growing cancer cells, lost from Class I MHC = decreased survival

Question 13

waldentrom’s macroglobulinemia

Answer 13

cancerous cells produce IgM = macroglobulin

Question 14

ESR [erythrocyte sedimentation rate]

Answer 14

rises in pregnancy, anemia, ACID, TB, multiple myeloma, WM, rheumatic fever, RA

Question 15

albumin IV

Answer 15

treat shock from severe blood loss

Question 16

specific AAs of proteins

Answer 16

albumin = asp & glu 
trypsin = asp in s1 pocket 
elastase = val in s1 pocket 
chymotrypsin = asp102 --> his57 & allows ser195 to ionize
alpha1-PI = met inhibitor site loop 
ATIII = arg inhibitor site loop

Question 17

lead poisoning

Answer 17

inhibits ferrochelatase

Question 18

NO

Answer 18

vasodilator