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Biology Module 2 > Section 1: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Section 1: Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are prokaryotic organisms?

A

Single celled, IE just prokaryotic cells. Don’t contain nucleus or any membrane bound organelle.

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2
Q

What are eukaryotic organisms?

A

Contain a nucleus and/or membrane bound organelles. Made from complex eukaryotic cells.

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3
Q

Which is smaller and simpler, eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells.

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4
Q

2 examples of eukaryotic cells:

A

Animal and plant cells.

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5
Q

What structures/organelles are contained within animal cells?

A

Plasma (cell structure) membrane; Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum; Nucleolus; Nucleus; Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum; Lysosome; Ribosome; Nuclear Envelope; Golgi Apparatus; Cytoplasm: Mitochondrion.

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6
Q

How are plant cells structurally different to animal cells?

A

Have: cell wall with plasmodesmata; vacuole; chloroplasts.

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7
Q

What structures/organelles are contained within plant cells?

A

Plasma (cell surface) membrane; Chloroplast; Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum; Plasmodesma; Mitochondrion; Golgi Apparatus; Vacuole; Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum; Cytoplasm; Nuclear Envelope; Nucleolus; Nucleus; Ribosome; Cell Wall.

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8
Q

What is the plasma membrane mainly made up of?

A

Lipids and protein.

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9
Q

What are the functions of the plasma cells?

A

Regulates movement of substances into and out of cell.

Receptor molecules on it to respond to chemicals (EG hormones).

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10
Q

What is the cell wall mainly made of?

A

Cellulose.

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Supporting plant cells.

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12
Q

What is the nucleus made from?

A

Nuclear envelope (double membrane) surrounds it. Nucleus contains chromatin (from DNA and protein) and the nucleolus.

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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cell activities. DNA has instructions to make proteins. Pores in nuclear envelope allow substances like RNA to move between nucleus and cytoplasm. Nucleolus makes ribosomes.

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14
Q

Briefly describe a lysosome:

A

Round organelle surrounded by membrane. No clear internal structure.

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15
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

Use digestive enzymes (contained by membrane) to digest invading cells and break down worn out components of cell.

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16
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

Proteins and RNA.

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17
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A

Floating free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER.

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18
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site where proteins are made.

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19
Q

Briefly describe the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:

A

System of membranes enclosing fluid filled space. Surface covered in ribosomes.

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20
Q

What is the function of the Rough ER?

A

Folds and processes proteins from ribosomes.

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21
Q

Briefly describe the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:

A

System of membranes enclosing fluid filled space. No ribosomes.

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22
Q

What is the function of the Smooth ER?

A

Synthesises and processes lipids.

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23
Q

Briefly describe vesicles:

A

Small, fluid filled sacs in cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane.

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24
Q

What is the function of vesicles?

A

Transporting substances into and out of cell (via plasma membrane) and between organelles.

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25
Q

Where are the vesicles formed?

A

Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, cell surface.

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26
Q

Briefly describe the Golgi Apparatus:

A

Group of fluid filled, membrane bound, flattened sacs with vesicles on the edges.

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27
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins. Also makes lysosomes.

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28
Q

What do Mitochondria contain?

A

Cristae, matrix, enzymes for respiration.

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29
Q

Briefly describe the structure of the mitochondrion:

A

Oval shaped. Double membrane, inner one folded (cristae). Matrix inside, contains respiration enzymes.

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30
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

Aerobic respiration site. ATP produced here.

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31
Q

Where are mitochondria found?

A

Found in large numbers in very active cells that require lots of energy.

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32
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

Thylakoid membranes (stacked together to form grana). Lamellae (made from thylakoid membrane) link grana together. Surrounded by stroma.

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33
Q

Briefly describe the structure of chloroplasts:

A

Small, flattened. Surrounded by double membrane. Has thylakoid membrane inside. They’re stacked into grana and linked by lamellae (thylakoid membrane).

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34
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

In plant cells.

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35
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis site. Some parts happen in grana, some in stroma.

36
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A

Animal cells, some plant cells.

37
Q

What are centrioles made from?

A

Microtubules (tiny protein cylinders)

38
Q

Briefly describe the structure of centrioles:

A

Small, hollow cylinders, made of microtubules.

39
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Involved in separating chromosomes in cell division.

40
Q

Where are cilia found?

A

Surface membrane of some animal cells.

41
Q

What do cilia contain?

A

Outer membrane, then ring of 9 pairs of protein microtubules, with 2 microtubules in the middle.
‘9+2’ formation.

42
Q

Briefly describe the structure of cilia:

A

Small, hair like. Outer membrane, ring of 9 pairs of protein microtubules, 2 microtubules in middle.

43
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Microtubules let cilia move, movement used to move substances along cell surface.

44
Q

What do flagellum contain?

A

2 microtubules in middle, 9 pairs around edge, surrounded by plasma membrane.

45
Q

Briefly describe the structure of flagellum:

A

Like cilia but longer. Stick out from cell surface. Surrounded by plasma membrane, 9 pairs of microtubules in edge, 2 in middle.

46
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A

Microtubules contract, make flagellum move. Used to propel cells forward.

47
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

At the ribosomes

48
Q

Where do the proteins made by the rough ER go?

A

Excreted out of the cell or attached to cell membrane.

49
Q

Where do proteins made by free ribosomes in the cytoplasm go?

A

Stay in cytoplasm.

50
Q

How are proteins transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus?

A

In vesicles

51
Q

What is in the cytoplasm?

A

Solution of chemicals. Network of protein threads running through (cytoskeleton)

52
Q

What’s the cytoskeleton made from?

A

A network of protein threads.

53
Q

How are protein threads in the cytoskeleton arranged in eukaryotic cells?

A

Microfilaments (small solid strands) and microtubules (tiny protein cylinders).

54
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Support cells organelles using microtubules and microfilaments, keep in place.
Strengthen cell, maintain shape.
Move materials in cell.
Movement of cell.

55
Q

How big are prokaryotes?

A

Extremely small cells. Less than 2um diameter.

56
Q

How big are eukaryotes?

A

Larger cells.

10-100um diameter.

57
Q

Is the DNA circular or linear in prokaryotes?

A

Circular

58
Q

Is the DNA circular or linear in eukaryotes?

A

Linear

59
Q

What is the cell wall made from in prokaryotes?

A

A polysaccharide, but not cellulose or chitin

60
Q

What is the cell wall made from in eukaryotes?

A

No cell wall in animals.
Cellulose in plants.
Chitin in fungi.

61
Q

How is the flagella arranged in prokaryotes?

A

Made of the protein flagellin. Arranged in helix.

62
Q

How is the flagella arranged in eukaryotes?

A

Made of microtubule proteins. Arranged in ‘9+2’ formation.

63
Q

What size are ribosomes in prokaryotes?

A

Small

64
Q

What size are ribosomes in eukaryotes?

A

Larger

65
Q

Are bacterial cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

66
Q

Which microscope is required to see the internal structure of a bacterial cell?

A

Electron microscope

67
Q

Briefly describe magnification.

A

Magnification is size.

How much bigger the image is than the specimen.

68
Q

Briefly describe resolution.

A

Resolution is detail. How detailed image is. How well a microscope distinguishes between 2 points that are close together.

69
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification=

image size)/(object size

70
Q

What is the maximum resolution of a light microscope?

A

0.2 micrometres (um)

71
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

A

x1500

72
Q

What are light microscopes usually used to look at?

A

Whole cells or tissues

73
Q

How do Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopes work?

A

Laser beans scan specimen (tagged with fluorescent dye). Makes dye give off light. Focussed through pinhole to detector, linked to computer, generates image (can be 3D).
Pinhole blocks out of focus light, creates clearer image

74
Q

What can Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopes be used to look at?

A

Objects at different depths in thick specimens.

75
Q

How do Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) work?

A

Electromagnets focus electron beam, transmitted through specimen. Denser=absorbs more electrons=looks darker.

76
Q

What kind of specimen can Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) be used on?

A

Thin specimens.

77
Q

How does the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) work?

A

Scans electron beam across specimen. Knocks off electrons from specimen, gathered in cathode ray tube for image. Show surface of specimen, can be 3D

78
Q

What is the maximum resolution of a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

A

0.0002um

79
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

A

More than x1,000,000

80
Q

What is the maximum resolution of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

A

0.002um

81
Q

What is the maximum magnification of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

A

Usually less than x500,000

82
Q

How do you stain samples for light microscopes?

A

Use a dye (EG: methylene blue, eosin). Dye taken up by some parts of object more than others, contrast shows different parts. Can use multiple stains at once

83
Q

How do you stain samples for electron microscopes?

A

Dip object in heavy metal (EG: lead) solution. Metal ions scatter electrons, creating contrast.

84
Q

How do you set up a dry mount microscope slide?

A

Take thin slice of specimen. Use tweezers to place in middle of clean slide. Put cover slip on top.

85
Q

How do you set up a wet mount microscope slide?

A

Pipet drop of water onto slide. Tweezer specimen on top of drop. Stand cover slip upright next to drop. Lower to cover specimen. Try to prevent air bubbles. Add stain by putting drop of stain next to cover slip, then using paper towel to move under slip.

86
Q

How do you use a light microscope?

A

Clip slide onto stage. Pick lowest powered objective lens. Use coarse adjustment knob to move stage up. Look down eyepiece, use fine adjustment knob to get clear image. Swap to higher powered objective lens if you need greater magnification.

Biology Module 2 (1 decks)

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