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Hinduism > Section 1: Beliefs > Flashcards

Section 1: Beliefs Flashcards

1
Q

3 beliefs about Brahman

A
  • the ultimate reality
  • eternal and the source of all life
  • comes to earth in many different forms
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2
Q

3 facts about Brahman

A
  • Hinduism has many different deities that represent different aspects of Brahman
  • root word ‘bhri’ in Sanskrit = ‘to grow’
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3
Q

Nirguna Brahman

A

Brahman without form or qualities

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4
Q

Saguna Brahman

A

Brahman with infinite attributes

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5
Q

Brahman

A

Residing everywhere

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6
Q

Antaryami

A

Residing within

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7
Q

Bhagavan

A

Residing outside (the material world)

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8
Q

Brahma - The Creator

A
  • mala beads = aid to meditation
  • 4 faces = to see everything (omniscient)
  • lotus flower = purity
  • water vessel = spiritual cleansing
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9
Q

Vishnu - The Preserver

A
  • cobra = gives him power to preserve
  • arises from ocean of milk = endless bliss
  • blue skin = divine nature
  • discus = order in universe
  • conch shell = music calling people to live a spiritual life
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10
Q

Shiva - The Destroyer

A
  • dancing = represents bringing power/energy into the world
  • tiger skin = overcoming pride
  • blue skin = divine nature
  • tangled hair = Ganges
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11
Q

Explain 2 reasons why the Trimurti is important for Hindus

A
  • it shows and displays purposes of God which tells them how God comes in many different ways (divine nature)
  • when the world is out of order someone will always be there to help
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12
Q

Who are 2 avatars of Vishnu?

A

Krishna and Rama

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13
Q

Outline 3 Hindu beliefs about the avatars of Vishnu

A
  • one yet to come called Kalki
  • some of the avatars destroyed or helped to destroy demons
  • they protect our world
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14
Q

Krishna

A
  • blue skin = divine nature
  • yellow clothes = God in earthly form
  • flute = music represents bliss of realising the true nature of God
  • crown = royal attributes
  • his consort (Radha) and him display Bhakti for each other
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15
Q

Why Krishna is important for Hindus

A
  • overcomes evil by defeating demons
  • guide in how to live life
  • symbolises Bhakti
  • fulfils his dharma
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16
Q

ISKCON

A
  • originated in India in the 16th century
  • emphasises Bhakti yoga
  • popular in the west from 1960s onwards
  • live life according to the brahmacharya stage of life
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17
Q

Rama

A
  • Ramayana
  • 7th avatar of Vishnu
  • blue skin
  • yellow clothes
  • fulfils charmer
  • archer = fighting evil
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18
Q

What is Shakti?

A

A power possessed by all female Hindu deities -> male deities need it to exert their powers

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19
Q

Parvati

A
  • Shiva’s consort
  • displays the perfect wife
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20
Q

Durga

A
  • bravery
  • tiger shows she can control the wild
  • Carries weapons to kill demons
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21
Q

Kali

A
  • ferociousness
  • dark in colour + tongue hangs out = scares enemies
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22
Q

Lakshmi

A
  • Vishnu’s consort
  • represents beauty and prosperity
  • lotus = purity
  • pink flowers = kindness
  • pray to her for good fortune
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23
Q

Saraswati

A
  • Brahma’s consort
  • goddess of knowledge
  • mala beads + holds ancient scriptures
  • lotus
  • reminds Hindus the importance of prayer, studying scriptures and purity of mind
  • swan is her vehicle
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24
Q

Atman

A
  • eternal
  • indestructible
  • lives on after the body dies
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25
Q

Consequences of Atman

A
  • respect for life (ahimsa)
  • shared values (strengthen Hinduism)
  • respect and tolerance
  • compassion for others (dharma)
  • belief in reincarnation (samsara)
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26
Q

Karma

A

Consequence of our actions

27
Q

Karma in scripture

A

Sanchita -> karma carried forward in this life from past lives

Prarabdha -> karma that is a problem in this life

Kriyamana -> everything we do in our present life which shapes our future

28
Q

State 3 facts about karma

A
  • bad actions equal bad karma
  • it is the consequence of actions
  • it is shown in scripture in 3 ways
29
Q

Explain 2 Hindu beliefs about karma

A
  • it will affect your caste -> bad karma = low caste
  • fulfilling dharma results in good karma
30
Q

Moksha

A

The ultimate artha (goal) that can only be achieved after liberation from the Samsara cycle

31
Q

Facts about the Purusharthas

A
  • first referred to in Vedic texts
  • translated in Sanskrit as ‘the soul’s purpose’
  • they are universal aims that influence our lives
32
Q

The Purusharthas

A

Dharma
-> laws that must be followed to ensure a harmonious world
-> ahimsa (non-violence), satya (truthfulness), astray (not stealing), sauca (purity of mind and body)

Artha
-> earning money honestly for your family
-> wealth is good but not the most important thing (Maya)

Kama
-> pleasure of loving relationships but maya

Moksha
-> ultimate goal in life

33
Q

Importance of the Purusharthas

A
  • only way to leave the samsara cycle
  • set the example of how to fulfil dharma
34
Q

Sanatan Dharma

A
  • ‘eternal religion’
  • no beginning
  • no founders
  • should be unique to everyone -> don’t complete someone else’s dharma (Bhagavad Gita)
35
Q

Varnashramadharma

A
  • your identity
  • identity comes from your Varna (caste) and ashrama (stage in life)
36
Q

Varna

A
  • each one has a job to fulfill
  • can’t leave your caste or have friends outside your caste
37
Q

The Ashramas

A

Brahmins
-> role is to teach others (priests/teachers)

Kshatriyas
-> ruler, warrior + protect community

Vaishya
-> merchants who give us what we need to live

Shudra
-> farmers who perform a service

Dalits
-> ‘untouchables’

38
Q

Varna Evaluation

A

For:
- need to follow it to fulfil dharma and leave samsara cycle
- everyone has a role -> harmonious world
- part of a Hindu’s varnashramdharma

Against:
- discrimination
- doesn’t follow ahimsa (Purusharthas)
- rich people get an immediate advantage BUT they deserve it from previous good karma

39
Q

Ashramas

A
  • 4 natural stages of a Hindu’s life
  • part of your varnashramadharma
  • found in Manu Smriti
40
Q

The Ashramas

A

Brahmacharya
-> student stage

Grihasta
-> householder
-> marriage

Vanaprastha
-> retirement stage

Sannyasin
-> give up all possessions
-> pilgrimage

41
Q

Why Varnashramadharma is important for Hindus

A
  • only way to be released from samsara cycle
  • Hindu’s purpose
  • Justice for those with good karma
  • in the scripture (Manu Smriti)
  • helps accept their Varna
42
Q

State 3 facts about the Varna system

A
  • one is called Shudra
  • Brahmins are teachers
  • Vaishyas give us what we need to live
43
Q

State 3 facts about the Ashramas

A
  • they are the 4 natural stages of Hindu life
  • found in the Manu Smriti
  • brahmacharya is the student stage
44
Q

Outline 3 Hindu beliefs about the Purusharthas

A
  • they are the universal aims
  • they must fulfil them to get good karma
  • they are the only way to leave the samsara cycle
45
Q

Outline 3 Hindu beliefs about Sanatandharma

A
  • they are the external laws of nature
  • it is the way of life
  • it has no beginning or founder
46
Q

Outline 3 Hindu beliefs about suffering

A
  • it’s a natural part of the samsara cycle
  • it comes from bad karma
  • can come from desiring things to be different
  • can come from attachment to the physical world
  • you can choose to suffer to get closer to God
47
Q

‘The caste system causes suffering’

A

For:
- encourages people to look down on others
- lower castes have less opportunities
- increases discrimination against Dalit women
- people can’t move up because they’re trapped in spiritual suffering

Against:
- it’s the consequence of people’s past actions
- result of physical attachment
- people cause suffering not the Varna system

48
Q

Gandhi

A
  • adhered to dharma
  • hunger strikes + boycotts
    ‘An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind’
49
Q

Reason for violence

A
  • need it to fulfil dharma (kshatriyas)
  • violence in scriptures (Ramayan etc)
50
Q

Attitudes towards suicide and euthanasia and challenges against these attitudes

A

Suicide -> carry your troubles into the next life
Euthanasia -> disturbs the natural samsara cycle (bad karma for doctor and patient’

Challenges:
- suffering
- suicide is mentioned in the Ramayana as a religious act
- suti -> widows traditionally threw themselves on funeral pyre of husband (seen as noble)
- prayopavesa -> fasting until death by sannyasins (noble + holy act)

51
Q

Attitudes towards abortion and challenges to these

A
  • causes pain to mother and fetus
  • preventing opportunity of somebody joining the samsara cycle
  • causing harm to Brahman -> fetus has an Atman as Hindus believe life begins at conception
  • preventing the strengthening of the Hindu community
  • scriptures against it (Upanishads)
  • dharma -> householder’s duty to produce children

Challenges:
- rape
- disability
- health of mother
- overpopulation
- some scriptures of compassion

52
Q

Sewa UK

A

Raise awareness and money for this suffering from natural disasters

53
Q

‘Ahimsa is impossible to practice today’

A

For:
- dharma can involve violence -> kshatriyas
- abortion, euthanasia
- bullying, war

Against:
- only impossible if you have a wrong mindset -> need peace of mind
- need ahimsa to achieve moksha and leave the samsara cycle

54
Q

Outline 3 Hindu beliefs about the origin of the universe

A
  • no single creation
  • time is divided into 4 cycles
  • there are many universes
  • universe is cyclically created and destroyed
55
Q

What does the creation story tell us about Brahman?

A
  • he is residing everywhere -> has the ability to create everything whilst being everything all at once
    -> Upanishads: ‘he spreads throughout both the material and spiritual skies’
  • he is also everything with nothing -> has the ability to form the whole universe despite starting from nothing
  • source of all life
  • tells us about Nirguna Brahman and how there is one God that comes in many forms (Trimurti)
56
Q

Rig Veda

A
  • one of the books of the Vedas
  • 1500 BCE
  • 1028 hymns in 10 books
  • ‘who can swear, how creation came, when it where’
  • don’t know how creation came about
57
Q

Outline 3 Hindu beliefs about the yugas

A
  • last for millions of years
  • we are now in the Kali Yuga
  • at the end of each one the universe is dissolved
58
Q

Explain 2 Hindu beliefs about many worlds and their diverse inhabitants

A
  • there are multiverses -> Puranas ‘there are innumerable universes besides this one’
  • the inhabitants have life spans that can last up to 100,000 years
59
Q

Pakriti

A
  • what makes up the universe
  • female and associated with shakti
  • has 3 elements
60
Q

Gunas

A

Tamas - ignorance
-> laziness

Rajas - passion
-> selfishness

Sattva- goodness
-> calm, happiness

61
Q

State 3 facts about the Gunas

A
  • there are 3 Gunas
  • a guna is a state of mind
  • controlled by the Trimurti
62
Q

Outline 3 Hindu beliefs about the Gunas

A
  • Hindus believe you must go through the other Gunas first to get salvation
  • they bind our spirit to our body
  • tamas is the lowest Guna
63
Q

4 paths the salvation

A

Hindus can overcome the Gunas by following certain paths called margas

Jnana Yoga -> the way of knowledge
Karma Yoga -> the way of duty
Bhakti Yoga -> the way of devotion
Raja Yoga -> meditation

Hinduism (3 decks)

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