Section 1 Flashcards
3 stress phases
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion
9 types of muscle tension caused by trapped emotions
- shoulder tension = burdens and responsibilities
- neck tension =fear and repressed self expression
- upper back =grief sorrow sadness
- middle back =insecurity
- lower back guilt shame
- stomach =inability to process emotion
stress theories
- life events theory -allostatic load
- hardiness theory
- social support theory
allostatic load
the cumulative biological wear and tear that results from responses to stress that seek to maintain body equilibrium
stressor
stimulus with the potential for triggering fight or flight
parts of the brain activated by stressors
- pituitary gland
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenal glands
- hypothalamus
strain
physical
physiological
behavioral
females nurture when stressed called
tend and befriend
males exhibit more fight or flight
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who defined stress this way
The stimulus. This is our definition of stressor.
- The response. This is our definition of stress reactivity and strain.
- The whole spectrum of interacting factors. This is definition.
- The stimulus-response interaction.
ways of defining stress by lazarus
define stress
the difference between stress and pressure
stress=pressure-adaptibilty
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stress is defined by the book as
the combination of a stressor, stress reactivity, and strain.
the brains two parts
cerebral cortex (upper part of brain) subcortex (lower part of brain)
sub cortex includes
- cerebellum
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- diencephalon
cerebellum
coordinates body movements
medulla oblongata
- regulates heartbeat
- respiration
- basic physiological processes
pons
regulates sleep cycle
diencephalon
- regulates emotions
diencephalon made up of what
- thalamus
2. hypothalamus
thalamus
relays sensory impulses from other parts of the nervous system to the cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
- primary activator of the autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
controls basic body processes like
- hormones,
- temperature,
- constriction and dilation of blood
limbic system includes
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- diencephalon
limbic system is concerned with
emotions and the behavioral expression
what emotions does the limbic system produce in response to physical and psychological signals
- fear
- anxiety
- joy
cerebral cortex is called
gray matter
what does the cerebral cortex control
higher order abstract functioning such as language and judgment
the cerebral cortex also recognizes more primitive areas of the brain when the diencephalon finds fear the cerebral cortex checks it for real danger and decides if it necessary
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reticular activating system (RAS)
- This network of nerves, the RAS, can be considered the connection between mind and body.
- The RAS is a complex collection of neurons serving as a point of convergence for signals from the outside world and the internal environment.
- If the RAS doesn’t excite the neurons of the cortex as much as it ought to, then an under- aroused cortex results in such effects as difficulty in learning, poor memory, and little self-control.
- RAS is too excited and arouses the cortex too much, we would see stressful responses such as being easily startled, hypervigilance, restlessness, and hyperactivity.
The limbic system is where emotion evolves and the thalamus is the switchboard, deterring what to do with the incoming messages
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When the hypothalamus experiences a stressor, it activates the two major stress reactivity pathways:
- the endocrine system and the
2. autonomic nervous system.
To activate the endocrine system:
the anterior portion of the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), which instructs the pituitary gland at the base of the brain to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
ACTH then activates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticoid hormones.
To activate the auto-nomic nervous system:
a message is sent by the posterior part of the hypothalamus via a nerve pathway to the adrenal medulla.
Hypothalamus other abilities:
One of these is the releas-ing of thyrotropic hormone releasing factor (TRF) from its anterior portion, which instructs the pituitary to secrete thyrotropic hormone (TTH). TTH then stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormone thyroxin.2 Stress Psychophysiology 29hypothalamus also stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)
the hippocampus is the part of the brain that “sounds the alarm” that stress is present.
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glucocorticoids are hormones released by:
the adrenal gland
The endocrine system includes:
- pituitary,
- thyroid,
- parathyroid, and
- adrenal glands
- pancreas,
- ovaries,
- testes,
- pineal gland,
- thymus gland.
When the anterior hypothalamus releases CRF, and the pituitary then releases ACTH, the outer layer of the adrenal glands, the adrenal cortex, secretes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
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glucocorticoids regulate metabolism of glucose, and mineral cor-ticoids regulate the balance between sodium and potassium.
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The primary glucocor-ticoid is the hormone:
cortisol
the primary mineralocorticoid is:
aldosterone
When glycogen is depleted, the liver can produce glucose from amino acids. This process is termed:
gluconeogenesis.
The manner in which aldosterone raises blood pressure is to increase blood volume. This is accomplished in two ways:
a decrease in urine production and an increase in sodium retention.
Although health scientists are not in total agreement regarding the point at which hypertension (high blood pressure) begins, generally a systolic reading consistently above 140 or a diastolic reading consistently above 90 is considered harmful.
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parasympathetic nervous system
- constricts pupils
- increase saliva
- decreases heart rate
- indirectly dilates blood vessels
- constricts bronchi
- decreases blood flow to skeletal muscles
- increases stomach and intestine motility, increases blood flow to GO tract, and increase digestive enzyme secretion
- contracts bladder
sympathetic nervous system
- dilates pupile to enhance far vision
- decreases saliva production
- increases heart rate
- constricts blood vessels, increases blood pressure
- dilates bronchi to allow more air into lungs
- increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
- reduces stomach and intestine motility adirverts blood flow away fro go tract rescues digestive enzyme secretion
- release fglucose to increase blood sugar
- stimulate adrenal glands to secret streets hormone
- relaxes bladder
bracing
unnecessary muscle tension
skeletal muscles
muscles attached to the bones
sooth muscles
muscles that control the contraction of internal organs
galvanic skin responses
the electrodermal response or the electrical conductance of the skin
