Section 1

Question 1

Encapsulated

Answer 1

Confined to a specific area, surrounded by a thin layer of fibrous tissue; encapsulation generally refers to a tumor confined to a specific area, surrounded by a capsule

Question 2

Well Differentiated

Answer 2

cancer cells that look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly

Question 3

Undifferentiated

Answer 3

cells are very immature and “primitive” and do not look like cells in the tissue from it arose. As a rule, an undifferentiated cancer is more malignant than a cancer of that type which is well differentiated. Undifferentiated cells are said to be anaplastic

Question 4

Anaplastic

Answer 4

is a condition of cells with poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells

Question 5

Epithelium

Answer 5

the thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body’s surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structure

Question 6

Epidemiology

Answer 6

the study of the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

Question 7

In-situ

Answer 7

An early stage cancer in which the cancerous growth or tumor is still confined to the site from which it started, and has not spread to surrounding tissue or other organs in the body

Question 8

Stromal Cells

Answer 8

connective tissue cells of any organ

Question 9

Immunotherapy

Answer 9

treatment that uses certain parts of a person’s immune system to fight diseases such as cancer

Question 10

Etiology

Answer 10

the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

Question 11

Hormone Therapy

Answer 11

Some hormones encourage the growth of some cancers, such as breast and prostate. But, in some cases, they may kill, slow or stop cancer cells from growing. Hormone therapy usually involves taking medications that prevent cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow.

Question 12

xerostomia

Answer 12

dry mouth

Question 13

Edema

Answer 13

the abnormal accumulation of fluid in certain tissues within the body

Question 14

Trismus

Answer 14

Lock jaw

Question 15

cachexia

Answer 15

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness.

Question 16

arytenoid

Answer 16

cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached

Question 17

fibrosis

Answer 17

the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury.

Question 18

Endocrine System

Answer 18

Your endocrine system includes all the glands in your body that make hormones. These chemical messengers play a key role in making sure your body works the way it should.

Question 19

What are the glands of the endocrine system?

Answer 19

Hypothalmus, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testes

Question 20

Squamous Cell Cancer

Answer 20

Type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells. 2nd most common type of skin cancer. Most common being basal cell.

Question 21

Leukoplakia

Answer 21

a firmly attached white patch on a mucous membrane which is associated with an increased risk of cancer.

Question 22

erythroplasia

Answer 22

describes any erythematous (red) area on a mucous membrane, that cannot be attributed to any other pathology

Question 23

ipsilateral

Answer 23

belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body

Question 24

Carcinoma Cancer Cells

Answer 24

Epithelial, squamous, glandular/adenocarcinoma

Question 25

Sarcomas

Answer 25

originate from bone, connective, or soft tissue

Question 26

TNM staging: T1

Answer 26

sm lesion confined to organ of origin

Question 27

TNM staging: T2

Answer 27

Larger tumor size/deeper extension

Question 28

TNM staging: T3

Answer 28

Extension beyond the organ of origin, but confined to the region

Question 29

TNM staging: T4

Answer 29

Invasion into another organ/viscera

Question 30

What are the most common nodes involved w/ H&N cancers?

Answer 30

Jugulodigastric Nodes/JD Nodes

Question 31

H&N cancers most common routes of spread? Most common risk factor?

Answer 31

Direct invasion and lymphatics

Smoking and alcohol

Question 32

Name the salivary glands:

Answer 32

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Question 33

Histopathology of pared gland tumor?

Answer 33

Adenocarcinoma (glandular)

Question 34

Perineural Invasion (PNI)

Answer 34

refers to cancer spreading to the space surrounding a nerve. It is common in head and neck cancer, prostate cancer and colorectal cancer.

Question 35

dysphagia

Answer 35

difficulty swallowing

Question 36

pleura

Answer 36

lining that surrounds the lungs

Question 37

hilum

Answer 37

root of the lung at the right and left main stem bronchus

Question 38

mediastinum

Answer 38

midline that separates the lungs. composed of: heart, thymus, trachea, great vessels, esophagus, and lymph nodes

Question 39

prophylactic

Answer 39

Surgery to remove an organ or gland that shows no signs of cancer, in an attempt to prevent development of cancer of that organ or gland

Question 40

bimodal

Answer 40

having or relating to two modes; especially : having or occurring with two statistical modes

Hodgkin’s lymphoma occurs in two age groups

Question 41

dura mater

Answer 41

the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

Question 42

tentorium cerebelli

Answer 42

extension of the dura mater and divides the cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 43

Diaphysis

Answer 43

the shaft or central part of a long bone.

Question 44

enucleation

Answer 44

removal of the eye that leaves the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact

Question 45

What is the difference between a carcinoma and a sarcoma?

Answer 45

Most cancers (>90%) arise from “epithelial” tissues, such as the inside lining of the colon, breast, lung or prostate. … Sarcomas are tumors that arise from “mesenchymal” tissues such as bone, muscle, connective tissue, cartilage and fat