Section 1 Flashcards
Encapsulated
Confined to a specific area, surrounded by a thin layer of fibrous tissue; encapsulation generally refers to a tumor confined to a specific area, surrounded by a capsule
Well Differentiated
cancer cells that look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly
Undifferentiated
cells are very immature and “primitive” and do not look like cells in the tissue from it arose. As a rule, an undifferentiated cancer is more malignant than a cancer of that type which is well differentiated. Undifferentiated cells are said to be anaplastic
Anaplastic
is a condition of cells with poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells
Epithelium
the thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body’s surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structure
Epidemiology
the study of the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health
In-situ
An early stage cancer in which the cancerous growth or tumor is still confined to the site from which it started, and has not spread to surrounding tissue or other organs in the body
Stromal Cells
connective tissue cells of any organ
Immunotherapy
treatment that uses certain parts of a person’s immune system to fight diseases such as cancer
Etiology
the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
Hormone Therapy
Some hormones encourage the growth of some cancers, such as breast and prostate. But, in some cases, they may kill, slow or stop cancer cells from growing. Hormone therapy usually involves taking medications that prevent cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow.
xerostomia
dry mouth
Edema
the abnormal accumulation of fluid in certain tissues within the body
Trismus
Lock jaw
cachexia
weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness.
arytenoid
cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached
fibrosis
the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury.
Endocrine System
Your endocrine system includes all the glands in your body that make hormones. These chemical messengers play a key role in making sure your body works the way it should.
What are the glands of the endocrine system?
Hypothalmus, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testes
Squamous Cell Cancer
Type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells. 2nd most common type of skin cancer. Most common being basal cell.
Leukoplakia
a firmly attached white patch on a mucous membrane which is associated with an increased risk of cancer.
erythroplasia
describes any erythematous (red) area on a mucous membrane, that cannot be attributed to any other pathology
ipsilateral
belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body
Carcinoma Cancer Cells
Epithelial, squamous, glandular/adenocarcinoma
Sarcomas
originate from bone, connective, or soft tissue
TNM staging: T1
sm lesion confined to organ of origin
TNM staging: T2
Larger tumor size/deeper extension
TNM staging: T3
Extension beyond the organ of origin, but confined to the region
TNM staging: T4
Invasion into another organ/viscera
What are the most common nodes involved w/ H&N cancers?
Jugulodigastric Nodes/JD Nodes
H&N cancers most common routes of spread? Most common risk factor?
Direct invasion and lymphatics
Smoking and alcohol
Name the salivary glands:
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Histopathology of pared gland tumor?
Adenocarcinoma (glandular)
Perineural Invasion (PNI)
refers to cancer spreading to the space surrounding a nerve. It is common in head and neck cancer, prostate cancer and colorectal cancer.
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
pleura
lining that surrounds the lungs
hilum
root of the lung at the right and left main stem bronchus
mediastinum
midline that separates the lungs. composed of: heart, thymus, trachea, great vessels, esophagus, and lymph nodes
prophylactic
Surgery to remove an organ or gland that shows no signs of cancer, in an attempt to prevent development of cancer of that organ or gland
bimodal
having or relating to two modes; especially : having or occurring with two statistical modes
Hodgkin’s lymphoma occurs in two age groups
dura mater
the tough outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.
tentorium cerebelli
extension of the dura mater and divides the cerebrum and cerebellum
Diaphysis
the shaft or central part of a long bone.
enucleation
removal of the eye that leaves the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact
What is the difference between a carcinoma and a sarcoma?
Most cancers (>90%) arise from “epithelial” tissues, such as the inside lining of the colon, breast, lung or prostate. … Sarcomas are tumors that arise from “mesenchymal” tissues such as bone, muscle, connective tissue, cartilage and fat
