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Chemistry M6 > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Benzene

If Kekule was right - bond length

A

Bonds would have different lengths

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2
Q

Benzene

Kekule wrong - bond length

A

X-ray diffraction showed that all carbon-carbon bonds are the same length

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3
Q

Benzene

The delocalised model

A

p-orbitals of all 6 carbons overlap to make pi-system

electron clouds above and below planar ring

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4
Q

Benzene

Hydrogenation evidence

A

Expect hydrogenation to be -360
But it was 208 - so far else exothermic than thought
Benzene is more stable

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5
Q

Benzene

Reaction

A

Electrophilic Substitution

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6
Q

Benzene

Bromination no

A

Kekule wrong because doesn’t readily undergo bromination

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7
Q

Benzene

Halogen carrier

A

Accepts a lone pair from a halogen atom on electrophile

As it’s pulled away polarisation increases

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8
Q

Benzene reacting with Halogen

A

Aluminium Chloride

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9
Q

Benzene

Friedel-Crafts alkylation

A

Haloalkane and reflux

Halogen carrier

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10
Q

Benzene

Friedel-Crafts alcylation

A

Reflux with acyl chloride

AlCl3

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11
Q

Nitration of Benzene

A

c. nitric and c. sulfuric acid

below 55

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12
Q

Benzene

Phenol more reactive

A

lone pairs on O overlap with delocalised ring, so they’re partially delocalised into the pi system
Increasing electron density so more likely to be attacked by electrophiles

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13
Q

Benzene

EDG direct substitutions where?

A

2,4,6

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14
Q

Benzene

EWG direct substitutions where?

A

3,5

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15
Q

Phenol

Bases

A

Weak acid so reacts with bases to form water and sodium phenoxide
Room temp

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16
Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde

A

distill with acidified potassium dichromate

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17
Q

How to reduce ketones and aldehydes to alcohols

A

NaBH4

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18
Q

Reducing aldehyde and ketone mechanism

A

H- attacks carbon and double bond goes to O
O:- is left
O:- goes to H+ in dipole of water

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19
Q

Hydrogen Cyanide

A

Weak acid which dissociates to give H+ and CN-

20
Q

Carbonyls and hydrogen cyanide

A

N=-C: attacks C
= goes to O making O:-
H+ goes to O:-

21
Q

Hydrogen Cyanide dangers

A

toxic gas
solution of acidified cyanide is used
performed in fume cupboard

22
Q

Test for aldehydes and ketones

A

2,4 - DNP - dissolved in methanol and concentrated sulphuric acid
Bright orange ppt - recrystallise and measure melting point and compare to known values

23
Q

Test for aldehydes

A

Tollens’ reagent (silver nitrate in aq ammonia)

Silver mirror when tollens is reduced

24
Q

COOH and reactive metal

A

Salt and hydrogen gas

25
Q

COOH and carbonates

A

Salt, carbon dioxide and water

26
Q

COOH and bases

A

Salt and water

27
Q

Making acylchloride from COOH

A

SOCl2

-OH replaced by -Cl

28
Q

Acylchloride to COOH

A

cold water

29
Q

Acylchloride to ester

A

alcohol

30
Q

Acylchloride to primary amide

A

ammonia

31
Q

Acylchloride to secondary amide

A

amine

32
Q

Acylchloride and water

A

vigorous reaction to make COOH

33
Q

Acylchloride and alcohol

A

ester
better than alcohol and COOH
irreversible

34
Q

Acylchloride and ammonia

A

primary amide

35
Q

Acylchloride and amine

A

secondary amide

36
Q

Acylchloride to phenyl ethanoate

A

phenol

room temperature

37
Q

Naming ester

A

alcohol then COOH

38
Q

Alcohol and COOH to ester

A

Heat in presence of acid catalyst

c. sulfuric acid

39
Q

Alcohol and COOH to ester

bad

A

It’s reversible so you need to separate straight away

40
Q

Alcohol and COOH to ester

small ester

A

distill

41
Q

Alcohol and COOH to ester

big ester

A

reflux and fractional distillation

42
Q

Alcohol and acid anhydride

A

warmed - no catalyst
makes ester and COOH
separate with fractional distillation

43
Q

All acylchloride reaction make what

A

HCl gas

44
Q

Ester

acid hydrolysis conditions

A

reflux with dilute acid

45
Q

Ester

acid hydrolysis makes

A

COOH and alcohol

46
Q

Ester

base hydrolysis conditions

A

reflux with dilute alkali

47
Q

Ester

base hydrolysis makes

A

carboxylate salt and alcohol

Chemistry M6 (3 decks)

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