section 1

Question 1

geocentric model

Answer 1

everything orbit earth in sphere patterns

proposed by aristotle

Question 2

heliocentric model

what was it missing?

Answer 2

everything orbits sun in sphere patterns

proposed by copernicus

Kepler: orbit of planets isnt in spheres but elipses

Question 3

solstice

Answer 3

longest/shortest day of the year

dec 21 (winter) and june 21 (summer)

Question 4

equinox

Answer 4

2 days with equal amounts of night/day time

march 21 (spring) and sept 21 (autumn)

Question 5

tools used before telescopes?

can probably skip

Answer 5

quadrant: measures star height above horizon
astrolabe: makes charts of star positions
cross staff: meausre angle between moon and any star

Question 6

Astronomical Units
(AUs)

Answer 6

used for distances inside our solar system

distance: centre of the earth to centre of the sun

Question 7

light years

Answer 7

used for distances beyond our solar system

distance: that light travels in one year (9.5 trillion km)

Question 8

what are stars

what defines their colour?

Answer 8

hot, glowing ball of gas (hydrogen) giving off tons of light energy

hot = blue
cool = red

Question 9

sun-like and massive star life cycle

birth of a star

Answer 9

cloud nebula - collapses n mass/temp increase when more material is drawn in
protostar - when core gets hot enough to glow

Question 10

sun-like and massive star life cycle

main sequence of a star

Answer 10

protostar is hot enough for nuclear fusion

Question 11

sun-like star life cycle

old age of a star

massive AND sunlike

Answer 11

star funs out of hydrogen (is dying)
stabilizes with gravity
leads to it expanding into red giant

MASSIVE; becomes red SUPERgiant

Question 12

sun-like star life cycle

death and remnants of sun-like stars

Answer 12

core temp is too cool so it collapses on itself
shrinks untill it becomes white dwarf
fades slowly into black dwarf

Question 13

nuclear fusion

Answer 13

hydrogen → helium

Question 14

massive star life cycle

death and remnants of massive star

Answer 14

fusion stops and star suddenly collapses on itself (SUPERNOVA)
if it survives explosion it can be a BLACK HOLE or NEUTRON STAR

neutron star: rapidly spinning ball of neutrons
black hole: dense remnants of star with strong gravity

Question 15

constellations

unoffical recognized star groups

Answer 15

groupings of stars seen as patterns in the night sky

asterisms

Question 16

differences and similarities between ursa minor and little dipper?

can probably skip

what are two common star groups?

Answer 16

little dipper is an asterism
ursa minor is a constellation

ursa minor and major

Question 17

galaxies

3 types?

Answer 17

groupings of millions/billions of stars gas and dust

elliptical, spiral, irregular

Question 18

the sun

Answer 18

nuclear fusion happens (hydrogen collides to form helium)

Question 19

order of planets

acronym?

Answer 19

mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune

my very easy method just showed you nothing

Question 20

inner/terrestrial planets

Answer 20

small and rocky in compostion, closer to sun

earth like planets

Question 21

mercury
venus

Answer 21

mercury: like the moon, no atmpsphere
venus: like earth (mass,size,gravity), huge greenhouse effect

Question 22

earth
mars

Answer 22

earth: only planet that supports life, protective atmosphere (UV rays)
mars: iron oxides make it red-orange, thin atmosphere

Question 23

outer/jovian planets

Answer 23

large + gaseous, far from sun

jovian references jupiter

Question 24

jupiter
saturn

Answer 24

jupiter: gas giant made of hydrogen+helium, great red spot = big storm
saturn: 1000+ rings made of ice/dust, made of hydrogen + helium

Question 25

uranus neptune

Answer 25

**uranus:** hydrogen+helium gas giant, methane so it blue, big ring system **neptune:** hydrogen, helium, methane, small ring system

Question 26

pluto

Answer 26

frozen ball of methane, smaller than moon, more elliptical orbit than other planets doesn't fit the pattern of planets

Question 27

why isn't pluto considered a planet? ## Footnote what are the three criteria

Answer 27

1. orbits sun 2. enough mass to be nearly round 3. cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit ## Footnote pluto hasnt cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit

Question 28

comet ## Footnote why does it have a tail

Answer 28

made of dust + ice, travels through space ## Footnote when near the sun, its material is heated and releases a gas, making the tail and glow

Question 29

asteroid

Answer 29

small, rocky, metallic bodies traveling through space

Question 30

meteoroid

Answer 30

small pieces of rock flying through space

Question 31

meteor

Answer 31

when meteoroid is pulled into earths atmosphere friction causes it to shine

Question 32

meteorite

Answer 32

if the meteor hits earths surface

Question 33

solar eclipse

Answer 33

moon passes between earth and sun

Question 34

lunar eclipse

Answer 34

earth passes between sun and moon

Question 35

azimuth - what to know

Answer 35

N = 0º E = 90º S = 180º W = 270º | used to find direction

Question 36

altitude - what to know

Answer 36

0º at the horizon 90º at the zenith (straight overhead) | finds height ## Footnote cannot pass 90º