Section 1

Question 1

Thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart

Answer 1

Pericardium (pericardial sac)

Question 2

Outer membrane of the heart

Answer 2

Parietal

Question 3

Inner membrane of heart

Answer 3

Visceral

Question 4

Between parietal and visceral layers of the heart

Answer 4

Pericardial cavity

Question 5

Outer layer of heart wall (and purpose)

Answer 5

Epicardium - reduces friction on visceral membrane

Question 6

Middle layer of heart wall (and purpose)

Answer 6

Myocardium - responsible for cardiac contraction

Question 7

Most inner layer of heart wall

Answer 7

Endocardium - smooth to not disrupt blood/platelet flow

Question 8

Tissue dividing L/R sides of heart (two parts)

Answer 8

Interatrial/Interventricular septum

Question 9

Name both atrioventricular valves

Answer 9

R - tricuspid valve
L - mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 10

Only arteries to fill during ventricular diastole

Answer 10

Coronary arteries

Question 11

Valves that separates ventricles with great vessels

Answer 11

Semilunar (SL) valves (pulmonic/aortic valves)

Question 12

Systole

Answer 12

Period during atrial/ventricular contraction

Question 13

Diastole

Answer 13

Period of relaxation when chambers fill

Question 14

Cardiac output (CO)

Answer 14

Amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute (normal 5-6L)
CO = SV x HR

Question 15

Stroke volume

Answer 15

Amount of blood ejected in single cardiac contraction (normal 60-100 mL)

Question 16

Inotropic effect

Answer 16

Contractility (positive/negative) of muscle tissue

Question 17

Chronic effect

Answer 17

Heart rate (positive = higher HR)

Question 18

Frank-Starling mechanism

Answer 18

If more blood fills the heart (balloon becomes big), it contracts with greater force (CO goes up)

Question 19

Keeps atrioventricular valves closed and prevents backwash

Answer 19

Papillary muscles and chordae tendonae

Question 20

Left anterior descending (LAD) supplies what parts of heart

Answer 20

Septum, anterior wall of LV, some low lateral LV

Question 21

Left circumflex (LCX) supplies what parts of heart

Answer 21

High lateral wall of LV, posterior
Inferior LV in 10-20% of population

Question 22

Right coronary artery (RCA) supplies what parts of heart

Answer 22

All of right side of heart
Inferior LV of 80-90% of population

Question 23

Where the venous blood of the heart drains into, then to right atrium

Answer 23

Coronary sinus

Question 24

Describe acute pulmonary edema

Answer 24

AKA Left ventricular failure (LVF)
LV is damaged and can’t pump against after load (blood already in system) and creates a back-up of blood in pulmonary veins to the lungs leading to wet lungs, ect
BP rises (makes it worse by increasing after load), HR rises, RR rises
Tx CPAP (lowers BP) and nitroglycerin (lowers BP, makes it easier for LV to deliver)

Question 25

Sympathetic nervous system talks to what electrical nerves in heart?

Answer 25

SA, AV, ventricles (all parts)

Question 26

Parasympathetic nervous system talks to what electrical nerves in heart?

Answer 26

(Vagus nerve) SA, AV nodes Generally slows HR/contractility

Question 27

Difficulty breathing laying down

Answer 27

Orthopnea