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PHGY 216 Mod 2 > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fundamental requirement for successful sexual reproduction?

A

Successful sexual reproduction depends on the union of male and female gametes to form a new individual with a full set of chromosomes.

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2
Q

What are the primary reproductive organs in males and females?

A

In males, the primary reproductive organs are the testes, and in females, they are the ovaries. These organs are referred to as gonads.

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3
Q

Besides the gonads, what are the components of the reproductive system for both males and females?

A

In addition to the gonads, both male and female reproductive systems include a reproductive tract, which facilitates the transport of gametes, and various accessory sex glands that release supportive secretions into the reproductive tract.

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4
Q

What is the externally visible part of the reproductive systems of both males and females called?

A

The externally visible part of the reproductive systems of both males and females is known as the external genitalia.

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5
Q

What is the role of the reproductive tract in the male and female reproductive systems?

A

The reproductive tract facilitates the transport of gametes after they are produced. It is a crucial component in the overall process of sexual reproduction.

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6
Q

Apart from the gonads and reproductive tract, what releases supportive secretions in the reproductive system?

A

Many accessory sex glands release supportive secretions into the reproductive tract, contributing to the overall functionality of the male and female reproductive systems.

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7
Q

Define gametes.

A

Reproductive, or germ cells, each containing a half set of chromosomes.

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8
Q

Define gonads.

A

The gonads are where the gametes, as well as the primary sex hormones, are produced.

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9
Q

Reproductive tract

A

The system of ducts that are specialized to transport or house the gametes once they are produced

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10
Q

What are sperm, and where are they produced in the male reproductive system?

A

Sperm are the gamete cells of the male reproductive system, and they are produced in the testes.

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11
Q

Where are the testes located in the male reproductive system?

A

The testes are found outside the abdominal cavity and are suspended in the scrotum.

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12
Q

What is the term for the process of sperm production in the testes?

A

The process of sperm production in the testes is called spermatogenesis.

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13
Q

How do sperm exit the testes in the male reproductive system?

A

Sperm exit the testes through the male reproductive tract.

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14
Q

What are the three accessory sex glands that contribute secretions for sperm viability?

A

The seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands are the three accessory sex glands that contribute secretions for sperm viability.

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15
Q

Why are the secretions from accessory sex glands critical for sperm viability?

A

The secretions from accessory sex glands are critical for sperm viability as they provide necessary support for the sperm’s survival and functionality.

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16
Q

How is sperm delivered to the female reproductive system?

A

Sperm are delivered to the female reproductive system via the penis, with the assistance of secretions from the accessory sex glands.

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17
Q

What is the term for the process in which individual ova undergo cyclical maturation?

A

Oogenesis.

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18
Q

Where does the reception of sperm take place in the female reproductive system?

A

in the vagina, which is a muscular tube connecting the uterus to the external environment via the cervical canal.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the Fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?

A

to transport ova from the ovaries to a common site where fertilization can occur with sperm.

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20
Q

Where does fertilization typically take place in the female reproductive system?

A

Fertilization typically takes place in the Fallopian tubes, where ova and sperm meet.

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21
Q

Where does the maintenance of the developing fetus occur during pregnancy?

A

The maintenance of the developing fetus occurs within the uterus for about nine months during pregnancy.

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22
Q

What is the term for the process of giving birth to the baby?

A

The process of giving birth to the baby is referred to as parturition.

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23
Q

What does sexual differentiation refer to in embryonic development?

A

Sexual differentiation refers to the embryonic development of both the external genitalia and the reproductive tract. It involves genetic, gonadal, and phenotypic differences between males and females.

24
Q

At what three levels do differences between males and females contribute to sexual differentiation?

A

Differences between males and females contribute to sexual differentiation at three levels: genetic, gonadal, and phenotypic.

25
Q

How is genetic sex determined?

A

Genetic sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes at conception. If a fertilized ovum has XX chromosomes, the genetic sex is female; if it has XY chromosomes, the genetic sex is male.

26
Q

What is the role of haploid gamete cells in determining genetic sex?

A

Haploid gamete cells (sperm and ova) carry either an X or Y chromosome. The combination of these chromosomes at fertilization determines the genetic sex of the developing embryo.

27
Q

What determines gonadal sex in sexual differentiation?

A

Gonadal sex is determined by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. The presence of H-Y antigen prompts gonads to differentiate into testes, while the absence results in the differentiation into ovaries.

28
Q

What is gestation, and how does it relate to gonadal sex determination?

A

Gestation refers to the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside the female. Gonadal sex is determined during the first six weeks of gestation based on the presence or absence of H-Y antigen, which influences gonadal development.

29
Q

What is phenotypic sex, and what does it depend on?

A

Phenotypic sex is the apparent anatomical sex of an individual and depends on gonadal sex, which, in turn, is genetically determined.

30
Q

How does the presence or absence of androgens influence the development of reproductive systems?

A

The presence of androgens secreted by developing testes leads to the development of male-type reproductive systems, while the absence of androgens results in a female-type reproductive system.

31
Q

Do male and female external genitalia develop from the same or different embryonic tissues?

A

Male and female external genitalia develop from the same embryonic tissue, but their reproductive tracts do not.

32
Q

How does the cell division process for specialized germ cells differ from mitosis?

A

Specialized germ cells undergo meiosis instead of mitosis. Meiosis produces four daughter cells with only a single set of genetic information, or 23 unpaired chromosomes.

33
Q

What are the haploid daughter cells produced through meiosis?

A

The haploid daughter cells produced through meiosis are the ova and sperm.

34
Q

What is the name of the two divisions in meiosis?

A

Meiosis involves two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II.

35
Q

What is the chromosome count in diploid cells, and how many pairs are there?

A

Diploid cells have a chromosome count of 46, organized into 23 pairs.

36
Q

Define haploid and provide the chromosome count in haploid cells.

A

Haploid cells have 23 individual chromosomes. They carry only one set of unpaired chromosomes.

37
Q

How does meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of chromosome number in daughter cells?

A

Meiosis produces daughter cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, resulting in haploid cells with 23 chromosomes, whereas mitosis produces genetically identical diploid daughter cells.

38
Q

What are the specialized germ cells that undergo meiosis?

A

Ova and sperm are the specialized germ cells that undergo meiosis.

39
Q

What is the primary function of meiosis?

A

The primary function of meiosis is to produce haploid cells with genetic diversity for sexual reproduction.

40
Q

What happens in the first division of meiosis, Meiosis I?

A

In Meiosis I, replicated chromosomes, each containing an identical pair of chromatids, sort themselves into homologous pairs before separating. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a single set of chromosomes, or one homologue from each pair.

41
Q

What is the outcome of Meiosis I in terms of daughter cells and chromosome sets?

A

Meiosis I results in two daughter cells, each with a single set of chromosomes, and each chromosome contains a pair of sister chromatids.

42
Q

What occurs in the second division of meiosis, Meiosis II?

A

In Meiosis II, the sister chromatids within the chromosomes of each daughter cell separate and are distributed to two cells.

43
Q

How many daughter cells are produced as a result of Meiosis II, and what is their chromosome composition?

A

Meiosis II results in four daughter cells, each containing a single set of chromosomes, and each chromosome has only one chromatid.

44
Q

What is the primary purpose of sorting chromosomes into homologous pairs in Meiosis I?

A

The sorting of chromosomes into homologous pairs in Meiosis I ensures that each daughter cell receives a single set of chromosomes, with one homologue from each pair, contributing to genetic diversity.

45
Q

How does the number of chromatids in chromosomes change between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?

A

In Meiosis I, each chromosome contains a pair of sister chromatids. After Meiosis II, each chromosome in the daughter cells has only one chromatid.

46
Q

What are the two primitive duct systems in the undifferentiated embryo?

A

In the undifferentiated embryo, there are two primitive duct systems: the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts.

47
Q

What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the placenta in sexual differentiation?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the placenta stimulates the testes to produce and secrete testosterone, which, in turn, stimulates the development of Wolffian ducts into the male reproductive system.

48
Q

How does testosterone influence the development of the Wolffian ducts?

A

Testosterone stimulates the Wolffian ducts to develop into the male reproductive system. Additionally, testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone, which is responsible for the development of male external genitalia.

49
Q

What role does Müllerian-inhibiting factor play in sexual differentiation?

A

The testes secrete Müllerian-inhibiting factor, which causes the degradation of the Müllerian ducts, preventing their development in males.

50
Q

In the absence of testosterone, what happens to the Wolffian ducts and Müllerian ducts?

A

In the absence of testosterone, the Wolffian ducts degrade, and the Müllerian ducts develop into the female reproductive tract and external genitalia.

51
Q

Why is it crucial for sexual differentiation that the developing embryo is exposed to high levels of female sex hormones throughout gestation?

A

The developing embryo is exposed to high levels of female sex hormones throughout gestation. Without the addition of testosterone, this exposure would lead to feminization of all fetuses.

52
Q

What is the function of the placenta in the context of sexual differentiation?

A

The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, allowing nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother’s blood supply. It also secretes hCG, which plays a role in sexual differentiation by stimulating the production of testosterone.

53
Q

Describe what is the result observed in the affected individual:

A genetic male whose testes fail to develop or target tissues lack testosterone receptors.

A

An apparent phenotypic female that is sterile due to lack of ovaries.

54
Q

Describe what is the result observed in the affected individual:

A deficiency in the enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT

A

An individual having a male reproductive tract with female external genitalia.

55
Q

Describe what is the result observed in the affected individual:

A genetic female with excessive adrenal secretion of DHEA during fetal development

A

Reproductive tract and external genitalia are masculinized, the extent of which depends on how much dehydroepiandrosterone is secreted

PHGY 216 Mod 2 (7 decks)

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