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psych class test > section 1 > Flashcards

section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is peer review?

A

involves scientists peers, who have expertise in the field, evaluating the methods and conclusions of the research

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2
Q

what is pseudoscience?

A

a set of ideas driven by ideological, cultural, or commercial goals, presented as scientific, although they are not.

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3
Q

what is a scientific law?

A

it describes something that happens without exception and has been established by repeated testing. often describes mathematical relationship between 2 or more measured variables

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4
Q

what is a theory?

A

it explaiins existing observations and predict new ones

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5
Q

what is a scientific theory?

A

its a theory supported by evidence, and has been proven beyond reasonable doubt by repeated testing of hypothesis.

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6
Q

what does parismony

A

preference for the least complicated explaination for an observation (simplest)

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7
Q

what is falsifiability

A

the posibility to make an observation that would show that the theory is wrong

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8
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

working assumption

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9
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

no relationship between 2 variables

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10
Q

one tailed hypothesis

A

a directional prediction, which specifys the nature of the relationship between the variables. a directional hypothesis should only be made if it is based on a well researched theory, or it is based on previous research showing consistent trends. if in doubt made the hypothesis 2 tailed. one tailed hypothesis specify the direction of direction. ie. mean of A> mean of B. or a positive relationship etc.

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10
Q

two tailed hypothesis

A

non-directional prediction, which only states that a relationship between 2 varibes exists. this doesn’t show the direction but a difference. eg. there is a relationship between between testosterone levels and aggression.

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11
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

states that a relationship between 2 variables exists

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12
Q

what is a variable

A

anything that varies that can be measured

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13
Q

I.D.

A

experimental change

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14
Q

D.V

A

measured change

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15
Q

what is coundfounding variables

A

one or more variables which arent under experimental control.

16
Q

what is a counterbalance

A

gets rid of counfounding variables

17
Q

what are quasi-experiments

A

they are characterised by their use of pre-existing groups of participants which have not been manipulated by the experimenter

18
Q

4 types of quasi-experiments

A

observational studies, interviews and questionnairs, case studies, correlation studies

19
Q

what is an observational study?

A

researchers observe the experimental units in their natural setting and simply record the variables of interest. examples are bullying in the plsyground

20
Q

what are advantages with observational studies

A

natural setting, overcome ethical issues with manipulting participants into groups

21
Q

disadvantages of obserbational studie

A

relys on researchers interpretation of behaviour, researchers can influence behaviour, researchers can lack control over the situation, no casual conclusions can be drawn

22
Q

advantages with interviews and questionaiirs

A

large data quick, studies opionions which arnt easily observed

23
Q

disavantgeos of questionairs and interviews

A

unrep sample, no casual conclusions, interviewer bias

24
Q

what is a case study

A

indebth analysis of an individual, group or an event.

25
Q

advantages of case studies

A

difficult to replicate, no casu con cab be drawn

26
Q

what is a correlation study

A

measures the association between naturally occuring events or variables

27
Q

what 3 components make up a correlation study

A
  1. measure one variable (X), 2. measure a second variable (Y), 3. use statistics to determine if X and Y are related.
28
Q

advantages of correlation study

A

made predictions, ethically sound, identify real world relationships

29
Q

disadvanages of correlation studies

A

how generalisable are the results? correlation not causation

30
Q

what is a population

A

complete set of individuals with some common characteristsics

31
Q

what is a sample

A

small number of the population

32
Q

types of sampling techniques

A

random and opportunity

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