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BIOL 4010 Virology > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses are incapable of replication outside of a host cell therefore they are ______ ______

A

Obligate Symbionts

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2
Q

Viruses ________ (do or don’t) have a single evolutionary origin

A

DO NOT

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3
Q

Viruses have ______ genome complexities and effects on host

A

Varying

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4
Q

Virus transmission can be via ______ _____ or other mechanisms

A

Extracellular virions

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5
Q

Viruses can exist as _______ by having evolutionary overlap with other types of genetic information

A

Hybrids

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6
Q

Phage M2 infects __ ____ and has ______ as its genome

A

Ecoli
+ve sense

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7
Q

Pandoravirus infects _____ and has _______ as its genome

A

dsDNA

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8
Q

most. viruses are transmitted between cells as ______

A

Virions

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9
Q

A simple virion consists of _________ surrounded by a ____________

A

A nucleic acid genome, A capsid (protective protein layer)

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10
Q

A virions nucleic acid genome + thecapsid (protective protein layer) = _________

A

Nucleocapsid

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11
Q

Some viruses have more than a capsid and contain a lipid ______ as well

A

envelope

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12
Q

The virion is (usually) ________ inside the host to release the genome

A

Disassembled

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13
Q

Virus is Latin for _______

A

Poison

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14
Q

Viruses were first identified as an infectious agent In 1890s by Martinus Beijerinck studying the disease of ______ ______

A

tobacco plants (tobacco mosaic virus TMV)

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15
Q

Before the discovery of viruses, tulips were sold at very expensive prices because they had _____ ______ due to tulip mosaic virus

A

distinctive patterning

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16
Q

Right after TMV was discovered in plants, ____ ____ _____ ______ was discovered in animals as caused by a virus

A

Food and mouth disease (virus FMDV)

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17
Q

First cancer causing virus discovered in the early 1900s as ____ _____ ______ (because they took filters from a tutor and injected it into other people and it made another tumor)

A

Rous Sarcoma Virus

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18
Q

First bacteriophage discovered in 1915 by _____ _____ and then in 1917 by Canadian ______ ______

A

Frederick Twort
Canadian Felix d’Herelle (by accident)

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19
Q

Felix d’Herelle was studying shigella virus causing dysentery in children but his bacteria kept dying. THEREFORE, he accidentally discovered a type of viruses (bacteriophages) and successfully used it to treat Dysentery as ______ ______

A

Phage therapy

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20
Q

1- Why is the study of viruses an important tool for human medicine? (5 things)

A
  • Enzymes for molecular biology (cloning, protein manipulation etc)
    -CRSIPER gene editing*, **
    -Gene therapy
    -Phage therapy
    -Cancer therapy

*transplantation of pig heart into human after genetically modifying it
**pig example in the notes that had its PERVs inactivated to make LOW FAT pigs

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21
Q

2- Viruses are important as strong selective forces on the ______ of the _____ by moving genes from cell to cell (viral and cellular genes)

A

Evolution of hosts

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22
Q

3- Viruses are important as the most ______ entities on earth

A

Abundant

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23
Q

4- Viruses contain most of the ____ _____ on Earth

A

Genetic Diversity

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24
Q

Importance of Viruses (4 things)

A
  • for medical and research reasons
  • for evolution of hosts
  • most abundant on earth
  • most diverse on earth
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25
Q

____% of the human genome is made of viruses (endogenous retroviruses) (ex. development of placenta is done by a protein that came from a retrovirus)

A

5%

26
Q

Viruses infecting bacteria are a frequent cause of different strains and they confer the benefits of ________ and cons of ________

A

Benefits: carry useful genes, may provide protection of infection by other virus
Cons: time bombs that may become activated or go into lytic replication to kill the cell –> if single celled = :’(

27
Q

old time vaccination was called “Variolation” as _____ ______ developed the practice in 1790 to incubate cowpox to prevent smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

28
Q

______-________ is when immunity to one virus confers protection against a different closely related virus (ex cowpox and smallpox)

A

Cross-protection

29
Q

Vaccines eventually developed better to become _____ versions of a virus to still infect but with a milder disease

A

Attenuated

30
Q

Attenuated Vaccine was first developed against _____ by _____ ______

A

rabies by Lewis Pasteur
***cow infected with rabies BRAIN —-> mouse (spinal cord) —–> another mouse = milder and attenuated rabies

31
Q

Viruses were finally able to be grown in ________ in the 1950 which was a major advancement for vaccine development

A

In culture

32
Q

________ virus has particles bigger than most bacteria and genomes larger than most bacteria
(broke the ‘small’ virus stereotype
recently discovered ______ is even bigger

A

Mimiviruses
Pandoravirus even bigger

33
Q

Patrick Forterre argued that a virion is not a virus RATHER the infected host is the virus (aka:_______)

A

virocell
“a virus is like a seed is to a plant”

34
Q

Key points in the life of a virus are
1-
2-
3-

A

Getting in (attachment, entry, uncoating?)
Doing stuff inside (transcription, translation, replication assembly)
Getting out (exiting)

35
Q

Function of early genes expressed:

Function of late genes expressed:

A

early= expression of genes that ALLOW replication to happen

late= replication, assembly, packaging

36
Q

A virus getting into the cell is only possible if the cell has the right receptor making it __________

A

Susceptible

37
Q

A virus replicating inside a cell is one possible if cell has the correct things the virus needs _________

A

Permissive

38
Q

eukaryotic viruses and even phages show _______ (use different parts of cell for different activities)

A

Compartmentalization

39
Q

Viruses get out either by _____ or _____

A

Budding or lysis

(some plant viruses even come out without particles covering them, just the genomic material moves)

40
Q

Transmission of viruses between hosts can be complex requiring different ______

A

Vectors

41
Q

Classification of viruses is most commonly done using the _________

A

Baltimore Scheme (7 categories by genome)

42
Q

Viruses can be grouped together based on _____, ______, _____ or _______

A

Host, Structure, Genome, Transmission mode

43
Q

Look up Baltimore classes of genomes ***

A
44
Q

The authority controlling virus taxonomy is _______ ______ on ______ of ________ (group of volunteers)

A

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

45
Q

The 8 levels of taxonomy

A

Realm, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (>1000 species)

46
Q

Names of taxonomic viruses are printed in ______ and first letters of names are _______

A

italics, capitalized

47
Q

_____ viruses require a helper virus to replicate

A

Satellite viruses

48
Q

_____ replicate independently but do not code for any proteins

A

viroids

49
Q

The three hypothesis about origin of viruses

A

1- viruses are the “last universal common ancestor” (LUCA)
2- viruses are derived from cells and are genetically reduced parasitic entities
3- viruses evolved from cells but escaped from cellular control after cells evolved into 3 domains

50
Q

Technologies that help us see viruses

A

electron microscopy, cryogenic-electron microscopy 3D, x-ray crystallography

51
Q

When viruses are composes of copies of multiple subunits It is good for _______
if a capsid has the same subunits it has _______

A

genomic economy
symmetry

52
Q

if viruses can assemble spontaneously it is called ______

A

self-assembly

53
Q

Virus ______ = the geometry of its outline

A

shape

54
Q

Virus ______= the rotational and translation relationships that describe the shape

A

symmetry

55
Q

1- Viral Structure is called _________ = a shape with 20 triangular faces, with >2x rotational axis needing 3 copies of a protein to make on face

A

icosahedral symmetry

56
Q

using math to define symmetry of capsids is called ______ _______ as viruses get bigger and more complicated

A

triangulation number

57
Q

2- Viral structure is called ______ _____= fairly common with similar advantages to icosahedral

A

Helical symmetry

58
Q

Viruses with envelopes often get them from the _____ ______ through budding

A

cell membrane

59
Q

RG1:

A

Little to no risk, work on open bench

60
Q

RG 2+3

A

particular mask to prevent inhalation
glasses to avoid splashes in eye
gloves and lab coat
work in biological safety cabinet

61
Q

RG3

A

compete isolation in suits

BIOL 4010 Virology (20 decks)

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