Section 1

Question 1

What are some functions of blood?

Answer 1

• transport elements throughout the body (ex. oxygen from the lungs to body tissues)
• regulate bodily functions (ex. body temp, pH levels)
• protecting the body through immune responses (ex. white blood cells migrate to a site of infection throughout the blood)

Question 2

What are the physical characteristics of blood? (viscosity, temperature, pH, volume in avg person)

Answer 2

-viscosity (4x more viscous than water)
-temperature (38˚C)
-pH levels (7.35-7.45 range)
-volume in an individual (5L is average)

Question 3

What are the two main components of blood?

Answer 3

-plasma
-formed elements

Question 4

How much of the bloods volume does plasma account for?

Answer 4

55%

Question 5

What is plasma composed of?

Answer 5

-92% water and 8% solutes
-plasma proteins (albumin, fibronogen, and globulin) which is 7% of blood content
-inorganic salts (electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium), nutrients, and organic waste, which account for the remaining 1% of blood

Question 6

What are the 3 types of formed elements that make up the 45% of the blood?

Answer 6

-erythrocytes
-thrombocytes
-Leukocytes

Question 7

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 7

-also known as red blood cells (RBCs)
-contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body

Question 8

What are some features of erythrocytes?

Answer 8

-lack nuclei (non true cells)
-lifespan: 120 days

Question 9

What are thrombocytes?

Answer 9

-known as platelets
-smallest formed elements of the blood
-their function is hemostasis (stopping bleeding)

Question 10

What are some features of thrombocytes?

Answer 10

-lack nuclei (non true cells)
-round or spindle shaped discs
-originate from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

Question 11

What are leukocytes?

Answer 11

-known as white blood cells (WBCs)
-have a nucleus
-contains hemoglobin
-can be divided into: granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 12

How can granulocytes be further subdivided?

Answer 12

-neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils

Question 13

what is a difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?

Answer 13

-granulocytes contain granules in the cytoplasm of the cell and a segmented lobed nucleus
-agranulocytes do not contain granules in the cytoplasm and do not have lobed nuclei

Question 14

What are neutrophils?

Answer 14

-a division of granulocytes
-most abundant cell types
-make up 60-70% of all WBCs
-first line of defense against bacterial invasion
-phagocytic outside of the blood (engulf bacteria, particles, other cells, etc.)

Question 15

What are eosinophils?

Answer 15

-division of granulocytes
-make up 2-4% of all WBCs
-help defend the body against allergic reaction or parasitic infections

Question 16

What are basophils?

Answer 16

-least common type of granulocytes
-making up less 1% of WBCs
-heparin and histamine in the granules of basophils are released during inflammatory or allergic reactions

Question 17

What are agranulocytes?

Answer 17

-division of leukocytes
-common feature of agranulocytes are a lack of granules in the cytoplasm and a nucleus that is round or indented
-two types

Question 18

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 18

-20 to 30% of WBCs
-similar in size to red blood cells
-involved in the branch of the immune system
-attacks pathogens and abnormal cells

Question 19

What are monocytes?

Answer 19

-3 to 8% of the WBCs
-very large in size
-can move outside of the blood vessels into tissue, where they change into large phagocytic cells called macrophages and act part of the immune system