Section 1 Flashcards
What conflict do most historians agree was the primary cause of the American Revolution?
Seven Years’ War
What five social groups existed in Native American society?
clan, tribe, village, chiefdom, confederacy
What disease devastated Native populations?
smallpox
How high do some estimates place Native American population loss?
90%
What people did settlers in Jamestown and Plymouth likely encounter?
Algonquian
What Algonquian tribe was near Jamestown?
Powhatan
What two Algonquian tribes were near Plymouth?
Pequots and Narragansett
Near what three bodies of water did some Algonquian peoples live?
Atlantic Coast, St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes
What were the three sisters?
Corn, beans, squash
Who organized a confederacy to resist westward expansion?
Powhatan
Who led the Wampanoags in King Phillip’s War?
Metacomet
Where was King Phillip’s War fought?
New England
Who fought the Puritans in King Phillip’s War?
Wampanoags
How many nations were a part of the Iroquois confederacy?
five
When was the Iroquois confederacy likely formed?
late fifteenth centery
What are the five nations of the Iroquois confederacy?
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca
What two neighboring groups did the Iroquois Confederacy have conflicts with?
Huron and Algonquian
What people joined the Iroquois confederacy in 1722?
Tuscarora
What did the Iroquois Confederacy become known as in 1722?
Six Nations
What area was the Iroquois confederacy located in?
Great Lakes region
What two advantages did the Iroquois Confederacy’s location give them?
Time to observe Europeans; position between French, English, and Dutch claims
What area did New France claim?
Great Lakes to Ohio River Valley
What colony was Maine a part of?
Massachusetts
When did the Seven Years’ War begin?
1756
What was the British colonial population in 1756?
2 million
What was the French colonial population in 1756?
65,000
What religion was the population of New France?
Catholic
What five practical European-origin items did Natives incorporate into their customs?
woven cloth, metal kettles, iron axes, fishhooks, guns
What two items did Native Americans desire for religious ceremonies?
glass beads and copper ornaments
What two purposes drove French interaction with Native Americans?
fur trade and conversion
Who wrote The Jesuit Relations?
Father Paul Le Jeune
How long did Father Paul Le Jeune spend in New France?
17 years
Between what years was the Jesuit Relations published?
1632-1673
What alternative purpose did The Jesuit Relations have?
marketing tool
What did Le Jeune say about souls?
They “are all made from the same stock”
What four things did Le Jeune admire about the Native people?
physical strength, intelligence, contentment, diplomacy
What four things did Le Jeune criticize Native people for?
being arrogant, proud, vindictive, and lacking in compassion
What was the primary interest of the English with Native Americans?
displacing them from their land
What did the English not often do with the Natives?
marry or proselytize
Who said, “What then is the American, this new man?”
Crevecoeur
What portion of the colonial population did English citizens compose in the 1770s?
less than 2/3
1/5 of the colonial population in. the 1770s was ___
enslaved
What other two groups besides English were common in the colonies?
German and Scots-Irish
What two things are described in the guide as being part of British identity?
wearing clothes of imported cloth and drinking tea
What two wars occurred in the years before the American Revolution?
Seven Years’ War and Ponticac’s War
What caused the Seven Years’ War?
territorial disputes in North America
What group formed the Ohio company in 1749?
Virginia
How many acres did the Ohio Company obtain in 1749?
200,000
What was the Ohio Company primarily interested in?
Fur Trade
Along what river did the French build a chain of forts in the 1750s?
Allegheny
When was the Albany Congress?
June 19-July 11, 1754
How many British colonies were represented at the Albany Congress?
7
What seven colonies were represented at the Albany Congress?
Connecticut, massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland
What two things did the Albany Congress discuss?
treaty with the Iroquois confederacy and defense measures against French Canada
What two other meetings did the Albany Congress serve as a model for?
Stamp Act Congress of 1765 and First Continental Congress in 1754
Who wrote the Albany Plan?
Benjamin Franklin
What did the Albany Plan suggest?
unified colonial government
What is it theorized that the Albany Plan was based on?
Iroquois Confederacy
How many delegates would each colony send based on the Albany Plan?
Two to seven
Who was the governor of Virginia in 1753?
Robert Dinwiddie
What is notable about Robert Dinwiddie?
He was an investor in the Ohio Company and setn George Washington to demand French withdrawal from the frontier forts
What was the result of Washington’s first confrontation with the French?
refused to withdraw from their forts
On what day did Washington attack a scouting party?
May 27, 1754
What was the skirmish between Washington and the French on May 27 called?
Battle of Jumonville Glen
What were initial British losses at the Battle of Jumonville Glen?
ten killed, 21 prisoners
What was the ultimate result of the Battle of Jumonville GLen?
Washington and men disarmed at Fort Necessity
What event led Britain to declare war on France?
Battle of Jumonville Glen
What six areas are involved in. the Seven Years’ War?
North America, Caribbean, Europe, South America, Indian subcontinent, Pacific Ocean
Who did Great Britain ally with for the war in Europe?
Germany
How did the first four years of the Seven Years’ War go for the British?
poorly
At what two locations did the British suffer decisive defeats in the Seven Years’ War?
Forts Oswego and William Henry
What group were the primary allies of the French?
Algonquian
What city did the French draw extremely close to?
Philadelphia
In what year did the turning point for the British come?
1758
What was the cause of the turning point for the British in the War?
British PM William Pitt assumes wartime operations
What important French Stronghold did the British take in 1758?
Louisbourg, French Canada
why was Louisbourg important?
it was at the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River
What two French strongholds also fell to the british? (besides Louisbourg)
Montreal and Fort Niagara
What two victors divided France’s colonial holdings in the Treaty of Paris?
Great Britain and Spain
When did the Seven Years’ War officially end?
1763
What did the French keep following the war?
Caribbean islands
Near what Fort was Chief Pontiac?
Fort Pontiac
What was the area near Fort Detroit called?
Ohio Country
What five tribes created an alliance under Chief Pontiac?
Shawnee, Wyandot, Seneca, Cayuga, Delaware
What tribe was Pontiac a part of?
Ottawa
By the fall of 1763, how many people had Pontiac’s forces killed or captured?
600
When did Pontiac formally surrender?
1766
When did Pontiac’s War essentially end?
1764
What area was barred from settlement by colonists by the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
west of Appalachians
What did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 instruct people already living west of the Appalachian mountains to do?
Move East
How many British troops landed in Boston in 1768?
4,000
How many civilians lived in Boston in 1768?
16,000
Where were many of the best-remembered patriots from?
Massachusetts
What was James Otis’s occupation?
lawyer
What widely distributed pamphlet did James Otis write?
The Rights of the British Colonists Asserted and Defended
What was John Adam’s occupation?
Lawyer
What four accomplishments of John Adams are listed?
Delegate in Continental Congress, ambassador during Revolutionary War, first Vice President, and second President
Where did John and Samuel adams both attend school?
Harvard
What was Paul Revere’s occupation?
silversmith
In what way did Paul Revere uniquely contribute to Patriot efforts?
illustration
When was the Stamp Act passed?
1765
In what currency type was the Stamp tax to be paid?
British
Who was Prime Minister when the Stamp Act was passed?
George Grenville
When were the Sugar Act and Currency Act passed?
1764
What nine colonies were part of the Stamp Act Congress of 1765?
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, South Carolina
Who prevented Virginia from sending delegates to the Stamp Act Congress?
Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier
Who issued the Stamp Act Resolves?
Virginia
What was the result of the Stamp Act Congress?
A set of resolutions sent to King George III and Parliament
Who did the Stamp Act Resolves and Congress say could tax the colonists?
Colonial Legislatures
When was the Stamp Act repealled?
February 1766
Where was the stamped paper often required by the Stamp Act made?
London
Who argued a theory of virtual representation?
George Grenville
Who did Grenville say represented the colonists in Parliament?
members of the House of Commons
Who described virtual representation as “the most contemptible idea that ever entered the head of a man”?
William Pitt
What did Daniel Dulany Jr.’s 1765 pamphlet argue against?
virtual representation
Where was Daniel Dulany Jr.’s 1765 pamphlet published?
Annapolis
What did Parliament pass immediately following the Stamp Act?
Declaratory Act
What did the Declaratory Act assert Parliament’s right to do?
bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever
In what two years were the Townshend Acts passed?
1767 and 1768
What was Townshend’s title?
Chancellor of the Exchequer
What six items were taxed under the Townshend acts
Glass, paper, paint, oil, lead, tea
What was the revenue from Townshend Act taxes supposed to pay?
salaries of governors and judges
What group created by Townshend was charged with enforcing tax policy?
American Board of Custom Commissioners
On what day was the Boston Non-Importation Agreement enacted?
August 1, 1768
What two cities followed the Boston Non-Importation Agreement’s precedent?
New York and Philadelphia
What was the Sons of Liberty formed in response to?
Stamp Act
The Sons of Liberty were infamous for their ____
violence
Who created the first committee of correspondence for the revolution?
Samuel Adams
How did women contribute in the boycott of British goods?
refusing to serve tea, using homespun cloth
How did the Daughters of Liberty support the Patriot cause?
organizing spinning bees
When was the Bloody Massacre?
March 5, 1770
Where did the Bloody Massacre take place?
Custom House on King Street
What newspaper reported on the Bloody Massacre?
Boston Gazette
Who was killed in the Bloody Massacre (5)?
Samuel Gray, Crispus Attucks, James Caldwell, Samuel Maerick, Christopher Monk
Who was the Massachusetts governor at the time of the Bloody Massacre?
Thomas Hutchinson
Who was the British Captain involved in the Bloody massacre?
Thomas Preston
Who represented the British Soldiers involved in the Bloody Massacre?
John Adams
What were the two soldiers convicted of manslaughter in relation to the Bloody Massacre sentenced to?
branding on the thumb
When did American colonists learn of a partial repeal of the Townshend Acts?
April 1770
What tax remained after the partial repeal of the Townshend Acts?
tea
What was the tax on tea?
three-pence
When was the Tea Act passed?
1773
Where was a ship carrying tea burned?
Annapolis
What were Thomas Hutchinson’s thoughts towards tea being shipped in to Massachusetts?
wanted it safely delivered
How many men were part of the Boston tea party?
30-100
When was the Boston Tea Party?
December 16, 1773
How many chests of tea (and ships) were involved in the Boston Tea Party?
342 chests, 3 ships
What was passed as a direct response to the Boston Tea Party?
Coercive Acts
What 1774 act directly affected the Boston harbor?
Port Act
What did the Massachusetts government act do?
revoked Massachusetts charter
What did the Administration of Justice Act do?
allowed trials for royal officials and British troops to be moved
What did the quartering act allow for?
British soldiers to be housed in unoccupied buildings
When was the first Continental Congress?
September 5, 1774
Where was the first Continental Congress?
Philadelphia’s Carpenter’s Hall
What was created at the first Continental Congress?
Continental
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