Section 1 Flashcards
19…….s: Computers become cost effective for private companies, and storage capacity increases
60
19………….: E. F. Codd proposes the …………. …………. for databases, disconnecting the logical organization from the physical storage
70-72
relational model
19………: P. Chen proposes the ……….. ………. ……… for database design
76
entity relationship model (ERM)
Early 19………s: The first commercially-available relational database systems start to appear at the beginning of the 1980s with ………. ……….
80
Oracle Version 2
Mid-19………..s: SQL (……… ……… ………) becomes “intergalactic standard”
80
structured query language
Early 19…….: An industry shakeout begins with fewer surviving companies. Oracle survives
90s
Late ……….: The large investment in Internet companies
helps create a tools-market boom for Web/Internet/DB
connectors
1990s
Early ………… century: Solid growth of DB applications continues.
21st
Examples: commercial websites (yahoo.com, amazon.com, google.com), government systems (Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, Bureau of the Census), art museums, hospitals, schools, etc
What are the 3 steps involved in Database Development Process?
- Analyze
- Design
- Build
An ……….. ………… …………. is a type of flowchart that illustrates how “entities” such as people, objects or concepts relate to each other within a system. ER Diagrams are most often used to design or debug relational databases in the fields of software engineering, business information systems, education and research
Entity Relationship (ER) Diagram
……… ………. is the first step in the database development process
Data modeling
Data Modeling involves ……….. and ………… the data that a business needs to ……….., and then diagramming the organization of that data in an ………. ………. ……….
collecting / analyzing / track
Entity Relationship Diagram
Step two: the database design phase of the development process, translates the information modeled on the entity relationship diagram to a ……… ………. ………..
table instance chart
The table instance chart lists the design specifications of the information and has the following components: 6
- Table name
- Column names
- Keys
- Nulls
- Unique
- Data type
With table instance chart, Keys:
- a ……… ……….. is the unique identifier for each row of data;
- a ……….. ……….. links data in one table to the data in a second table by referring to the …….. column in the second table
- primary key (PK)
- foreign key (FK) / PK
With table instance chart, Nulls: indicates if a column must contain a ………. ……….
value (mandatory)
With table instance chart, unique: indicates if the value contained in a column is unique within the table
R 2
With table instance chart, Data type: identifies the ……….. and ……….. of the data stored in each column
definition / format
……….. ………… ……….. commands are used to build the physical structure of the database
Structured Query Language (SQL)
SQL is also used to ……….., ……….., and ………. the data within the relational database
populate, access, and manipulate
- ……………..: programs (sets of instructions) which tell the hardware what to do
- …………..: a software program which carries out specific tasks on behalf of computer users
- Software
- Application
In a 2-tier system, clients communicate directly with servers.
In a 3-tier system, clients communicate with a third computer in the middle, which forwards the requests to the servers. The middle-tier computer is often called an ………. ……….. or ……….. ………..
application server / web server
in the 1980s, Because the PCs had their own software and were capable of doing some processing on their own, they came to be known as “………. ………” or “…………”
smart clients / workstations
In the ………….. model, all of an organization’s computers in different locations can be utilized just like a pool of computing resources
grid-computing
Grid computing builds a software infrastructure that can run on a large number of networked servers
