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Sem 4, case 5 (hepatitis) > secretion and excretion (lecture series) > Flashcards

secretion and excretion (lecture series) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the liver ?

A
  • storage of carbs, lipids and vitamins
  • synthesis of glucose, ketone bodies, amino acids, cholesterol, fatty acids
  • phagocytosis of particulates (performed by kupffer cells)
  • degradation of endogenous compounds (ammonium, drugs, toxins)
  • manufacture plasma proteins
  • activation/inactivation of hormones
  • excretion of lipophilic waste products
  • secretion of emulsifiers (bile salts)
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2
Q

What is the blood supply to the liver ?

A
  • 75% portal vein
  • 25% hepatic artery
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3
Q

What is blood like that comes to the liver from the portal vein ?

A
  • rich in absorbed nutrients
  • contains recycled bile acids/salts
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4
Q

What is the hepatic artery a branch of ?

A

celiac artery

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5
Q

How much blood-per-min enters the liver via the portal vein ?

A

1300 ml/min

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6
Q

How much blood-per-min enters the liver via the hepatic artery ?

A

500 ml/min

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7
Q

Where does blood empty into once in the liver, regardless which vessel it came through ?

A

hepatic sinusoids

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8
Q

Where do hepatic sinusoids run?

A

through layers of hepatocytes

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9
Q

Where does blood from hepatic sinusoids drain into ?

A

hepatic veins, back to vena cava

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10
Q

How many zones of the liver are there between the portal vein/hepatic artery and the central vein ?

A

3

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11
Q

What are the 3 zones of the liver that are based upon oxygen supply ?

A
  1. periportal (closest to portal vein/hepatic artery)
  2. intermediary
  3. pericentral/perivenous/centrilobular (closest to central vein)
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12
Q

Which of the 3 liver zones contains the most oxygen rich blood ?

A

periportal zone (closest to portal vein/hepatic artery)

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13
Q

What processes occur in the periportal zone of the liver ?

A
  • amino acid catabolism
  • gluconeogenesis
  • cholesterol synthesis
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14
Q

What processes occur in the pericentral zone of the liver ?

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • ketogenesis
  • glutamine synthesis
  • drug metabolism
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15
Q

In which zone of the liver does drug metabolism occur ?

A

pericentral (closest to central vein)

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16
Q

In which zone of the liver would you first see fibrosis occurring due to liver disease ?

A

**pericentral zone ** (around base of central vein)

17
Q

Does bile move through the liver in the same or opposite direction to blood ?

A

opposite direction towards the bile ducts next to the portal vein/hepatic artery

18
Q

Are the bile ducts located next to
a) portal vein/hepatic artery ?
b) central vein?

A

portal vein/hepatic artery

19
Q

What are hepatocytes ?

A

polarised epithelial cells in the liver

20
Q

What are the epithelial cells of the hepatic sinusoids like ?

A

fenestrated = small holes in them

21
Q

What does ‘fenestrated epithelium’ mean ?

A

epithelium has small holes in it, which allows large substances to pass through

22
Q

What is the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes closest to …
a) hepatic sinusoid ?
b) bile canaliculus ?

A

hepatic sinusoid

23
Q

What is the apical membrane of hepatocytes closest to …
a) hepatic sinusoid ?
b) bile canaliculus ?

A

bile canaliculus

24
Q

What is another name for the basolateral membrane of a hepatocyte ?

A

sinusoidal membrane

25
Q

What is another name for the apical membrane of a hepatocyte ?

A

canalicular membrane

26
Q

What are the functions of bile ?

A
  • secretion of bike salts/acids to aid intestinal lipid digestion and absorption
  • ** secretion of water** and electrolytes
  • excretion of waste products (those that aren’t easily excreted by the kidney)
  • excretion of hormones
  • excretion of drugs and other xenobiotics
27
Q

How much bile is produced/secreted by liver each day ?

A

1000 ml/day

28
Q

How much of the total secreted bike reaches the duodenum ?

A

half = 500 ml/day

29
Q

Where is bile stored between meals ?

A

the gall bladder

30
Q

What does the gall bladder do to bile between meals ?

A

concentrates it / decreases its volume

31
Q

What does bile contain ?

A
  • bile salts/acids
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterol
  • bilirubin (conjugated)
  • metabolises of hormones/drugs
  • heavy metal ions
  • electrolytes (water + bicarbonate)
32
Q

What is the difference between bile salts and bile acids ?

A

bile salts = conjugated bile acids

33
Q

Which transport proteins excrete bile salts into bile canalicoli ?

A
  • BSEP (bile salt export pump) main
  • MRP2 (multidrug resistance-associated protein 2)

both part of the ABC transporter family

34
Q

What does ‘ABC transporters’ stand for ?

A

ATP-Binding cassette transporters

35
Q

Give an example of an ABC-A transporter ?

A

ABCA1 = cholesterol transporter

36
Q

Give an example of an ABC-B transporter ?

A

BSEP (bile salt transporter)

37
Q

Give an example of an ABC-C transporter ?

A

MRP2 (bile salt transporter)

CFTR
SUR1

38
Q

What do ABC transporters use in order to function ?

A

ATP

39
Q

What are the 4 classes of ABC transporters ?

A
  • ABC-A
  • ABC-B
  • ABC-C
  • ABC-G

Sem 4, case 5 (hepatitis) (3 decks)

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