Secondary Sources

Question 1

‘Cicero repeatedly changed direction

Answer 1

laid himself open to many charges of insincerity’ Michael Grant

Question 2

‘took fatally inadequate account

Answer 2

of the fundamental flaws’ Michael Grant
e.g. mobs, public security, class competition
(Cicero)

Question 3

‘he had no hope of keeping pace with

Answer 3

the large, grim new world’ Michael Grant

Cicero

Question 4

‘the change was due to

Answer 4

alterations in his political environment’ Michael Grant

Cicero- threat from Sulla then Caesar

Question 5

‘note of vagueness, and

Answer 5

even inconsistency’ Michael Grant

Cicero

Question 6

‘vigorous

Answer 6

patriotism’ Michael Grant

Cicero

Question 7

‘year away from Rome… greater political

Answer 7

disadvantages’ Thomas Weidemann

Cicero

Question 8

‘gave Cicero the opportunity to claim

Answer 8

military glory’ Thomas Weidemann

Question 9

‘The moral high ground was only worth

Answer 9

occupying if everyone in Rome knew about it’ Thomas Wiedemann
Cicero

Question 10

‘inability to decide where his

Answer 10

loyalties lay’ Thomas Weidemann

Cicero

Question 11

‘Cicero was firmly opposed as to ever

Answer 11

allowing an individual politician to break the rules’ Thomas Weidemann

Question 12

‘moments that threatened both his political

Answer 12

survival and personal safety’ John Hall

Cicero

Question 13

‘Cicero was portrayed as a arrogant autocrat whose actions against

Answer 13

the conspirators were savage and blood thirsty’ John Hall ‘callously oppressed the roman people’

Question 14

‘Cato at a political rally persuaded the crowd to hail

Answer 14

Cicero as father of the fatherland’ (Plutarch) John Hall

Question 15

‘strongly influenced by the counsel

Answer 15

of Atticus’ John Hall

Question 16

‘we can perhaps sympathise with Cicero’s

Answer 16

emotional distress’ John Hall

Question 17

‘the role as peace maker afforded

Answer 17

Cicero some honourable cover while he sat on the political fence’ John Hall

Question 18

‘his actions during the crisis

Answer 18

seem to have succeeded only in alienating him from both parties’ John Hall
(Cicero)

Question 19

‘Also potentially risky was his trial of Verres… powerful

Answer 19

defenders’ Ann Vasaly

Question 20

‘was already 36 years old, leaving him open to

Answer 20

charges of using the resources of State for his own aggrandisement’ Ann Vasaly
(Cicero)

Question 21

Defence of M. Fonteius is described as

Answer 21

‘ironical’ Ann Vasaly

Question 22

(Cicero) ‘master of

Answer 22

political speech’ Thomas Habenek

Question 23

‘It was crucial for Caesar to main a high profile through the use of

Answer 23

literary propaganda while away from Rome’ (when in Gaul) Thomas Weidemann

Question 24

‘Cicero did not hate the

Answer 24

dictator as a man. But he did hate the fact that Caesar had no desire to restore the republic’ K. Tempest

Question 25

‘The three

Answer 25

headed monster’ David Shotter (Varro)

Question 26

‘oratory is a tool to

Answer 26

manipulate a audience’ Ann Vasaly

Question 27

‘Cicero was to discover that Pompey’s

Answer 27

ambitions were far more specific and self interested’ David Shotter

Question 28

‘The 60s had been Pompey’s

Answer 28

heyday’ David Shotter

Question 29

Pompey ‘whilst he may have been a great general

Answer 29

he was no match for others in the political arena’ David Shotter

Question 30

‘There was nothing subtle about clodius’ treatment

Answer 30

of Pompey’ David Shotter ‘virtually a prisoner in his own house’

Question 31

‘Pompey, evidently confident of his

Answer 31

dominance in Rome, continued to behave in a rather equivocal manner towards Caesar’ David Shotter

Question 32

Shotter describes riots as

Answer 32

‘turmoil’

Question 33

failure to become consul in 51BC ‘refused to partake

Answer 33

in the usual bribery’ Marin

‘while the people may have applauded Cato for his moral integrity… this did not translate to votes

Question 34

‘the first

Answer 34

emperor’ (Pompey) Mary Beard