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BIIC Cancers and Pharmo > Secondary Immunodeficiencies > Flashcards

Secondary Immunodeficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

4 Main Causes of Secondary Immunodeficiencies

A
  • infection
  • nutrition
  • stress
  • sleep
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2
Q

Immune response requires _________

A

energy

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3
Q

Infections can cause an increase in ______________ to support the upregulation of the immune system

A

resting metabolic rate (RMR)

-fever increases RMR about 7%/degree above 100

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4
Q

Macronutrients provide the immune system with… (2)

A
  • energy/ATP
  • substrates for protein synthesis
    - synthesis of acute-phase proteins, complement, cytokines, antibodies
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5
Q

sepsis can lead to a loss of up to ______% in total body protein

A

20%

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6
Q

Micronutrients regulate and control metabolic processes

A
  • nucleotides = folate
  • RNA/DNA polymerase = zinc
  • glutathione = selenium
  • respiratory burst activity = iron
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7
Q

What do proinflammatory cytokines do to appetite?

A

decrease it

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8
Q

Immunity: Obesity

A
  • increased incidence of infection
  • increased inflammatory response
  • dysregulation of the immune system
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9
Q

________________________ w/o malnutrition appears to have beneficial effects on longevity and disease resistance.

A

moderate caloric intake

  • may help by decreasing availability of dietary iron
  • associated w/ increased T cell fxn
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10
Q

NAIDS

A

nutritionally acquired immune deficiency Syndrome

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11
Q

Malnourishment leads to (3)

A
  • more severe disease episodes
  • more complications
  • increased longevity of illness
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12
Q

once you shift/alter microbiome flora

A

PATHOGEN PARTY ZONE

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13
Q

Nutritional status determines the ___________

A

impact of infection

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14
Q

infections have more severe outcomes in the _______

A

malnourished

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15
Q

Infections can turn mild nutritional deficiencies into __________

A

severe malnutrition

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16
Q

Infection and illness can exacerbate malnutrition (4)

A
  • diminished appetite
  • reduced nutrient absorption
  • increased nutrient losses
  • alterations in metabolic rate
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17
Q

Infection–> increased proinflammatory cytokines and cortisol–> insulin resistance–>

A
  • muscle protein degradation
  • accelerated gluconeogenesis
  • increased urea cycle activity
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18
Q

Infections = (3)

A
  • net protein loss
  • hyperglycemia
  • increase in RMR and nutritional needs
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19
Q

Malnutrition often presents with ___________

A

multiple nutrient deficiencies

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20
Q

If specific nutrients are missing, _____________________________________

A

fundamental features of the immune system are compromised

21
Q

Supplies 35% of energy to immune cells

A

glutamine

22
Q

3 things glutamine does/helps with

A
  • B cell transformation to plasma cells
  • enhances phagocytic ability and killing capacity of macrophages
  • regulates T cell proliferation
23
Q

Glutamine is ________________ in states of illness or injury

A

conditionally essential

24
Q

Glutamine-enriched nutrition reduces__________

A

hospital infection rates

25
Q

Iron deficiency is associated w/ ____________

A

decreased inflammatory responses
-decreased respiratory burst
-decreased ability of PMNs to kill bacteria/fungi
-decreased lymphocyte response to
antigen/mitogen
- impairs NK cell activity

26
Q

Iron def. may enhance immunity to infectious diseases but untargeted supplementation is BAD

A

word

27
Q

The time to correct iron is ______________

A

NOT during an infection

- some bac like iron like malaria

28
Q

Are humans able to store zinc?

A

no

29
Q

zinc deficiency impairs (5)

A
  • clonal expansion of T/B cells
  • NK cell cytotoxicity
  • phagocytosis
  • complement activity
  • wound healing
30
Q

Zinc supplements may ________

A

decrease incidence and/or duration of disease

31
Q

Zinc toxicity can occur, which can

A

reduce immune fxn

32
Q

if taken early zinc may prevent________

A

rhinovirus binding and replication

33
Q

Selenium is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase which ______________

A

helps remove hydrogen peroxide

34
Q

Selenium deficiency leads to (3)

A
  • increased ROS levels which damage macrophages and PMNs
  • decreased lymphocyte activation
  • decreased cytokine production
35
Q

Vitamin A is essential for _____________

A

maintaining epidermal and mucosal integrity

-a compromised barrier may allow pathogenic organisms to cross–> invasive disease

36
Q

Vitamin A enhances recovery, but ___________

A

doesn’t prevent infections

37
Q

Vitamin A deficiency results in (3)

A
  • loss of cilia, microvilli, mucus
  • diminished number and fxn of PMNs, macrophages, and NK cells
  • decreased lymphocyte fxns and reduced homing to the gut
38
Q

Vitamin D may enhance ____________ but may inhibit ___________

A
  • enhance innate immunity

- inhibit adaptive immunity

39
Q

Vitamin E is an _______ that increases ______

A
  • antioxidant
  • IL-2
  • increases B and NK cell fxn
40
Q

Vitamin E supplementation (2)

A
  • may reverse some age-related decline in immune fxn

- increase risk of prostate

41
Q

Vitamin C provides protection against ________

A

oxidative damage

-neutralizes ROS that escape from the phagolysosome

42
Q

Vitamin C does NOT inhibit ____

A

bactericidal activity

43
Q

Vitamin C does NOT protect against _________

A

-the common cold although it may shorten the duration

44
Q

What happens to your immune system if you are chronically stressed?

A

get wrecked

45
Q

The stress response was designed for _____________

A

short-term physical crises

  • react then reestablish homeostasis
  • can be activated for psychological reasons–>stress response becomes a problem
46
Q

stress responds leads to release of

A

glucocorticoids

-cortisol–>anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive effects

47
Q

Acute sleep deprivation (2)

A
  • decrease adaptive immunity (Th1)

- decrease vaccine antibody response

48
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation (2+2)

A
  • increased innate immunity/inflammation
  • increase IL-6, IL-1, TNF, TNFR1
  • decrease adaptive immunity
  • decreased vaccine antibody response
49
Q

What are two drugs that can cause immunodeficiency?

A
  • glucocorticoids

- calcineurin-inhibitors = inhibit IL-2 synthesis

BIIC Cancers and Pharmo (10 decks)

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