Secondary Immunodeficiencies Flashcards
4 Main Causes of Secondary Immunodeficiencies
- infection
- nutrition
- stress
- sleep
Immune response requires _________
energy
Infections can cause an increase in ______________ to support the upregulation of the immune system
resting metabolic rate (RMR)
-fever increases RMR about 7%/degree above 100
Macronutrients provide the immune system with… (2)
- energy/ATP
- substrates for protein synthesis
- synthesis of acute-phase proteins, complement, cytokines, antibodies
sepsis can lead to a loss of up to ______% in total body protein
20%
Micronutrients regulate and control metabolic processes
- nucleotides = folate
- RNA/DNA polymerase = zinc
- glutathione = selenium
- respiratory burst activity = iron
What do proinflammatory cytokines do to appetite?
decrease it
Immunity: Obesity
- increased incidence of infection
- increased inflammatory response
- dysregulation of the immune system
________________________ w/o malnutrition appears to have beneficial effects on longevity and disease resistance.
moderate caloric intake
- may help by decreasing availability of dietary iron
- associated w/ increased T cell fxn
NAIDS
nutritionally acquired immune deficiency Syndrome
Malnourishment leads to (3)
- more severe disease episodes
- more complications
- increased longevity of illness
once you shift/alter microbiome flora
PATHOGEN PARTY ZONE
Nutritional status determines the ___________
impact of infection
infections have more severe outcomes in the _______
malnourished
Infections can turn mild nutritional deficiencies into __________
severe malnutrition
Infection and illness can exacerbate malnutrition (4)
- diminished appetite
- reduced nutrient absorption
- increased nutrient losses
- alterations in metabolic rate
Infection–> increased proinflammatory cytokines and cortisol–> insulin resistance–>
- muscle protein degradation
- accelerated gluconeogenesis
- increased urea cycle activity
Infections = (3)
- net protein loss
- hyperglycemia
- increase in RMR and nutritional needs
Malnutrition often presents with ___________
multiple nutrient deficiencies
If specific nutrients are missing, _____________________________________
fundamental features of the immune system are compromised
Supplies 35% of energy to immune cells
glutamine
3 things glutamine does/helps with
- B cell transformation to plasma cells
- enhances phagocytic ability and killing capacity of macrophages
- regulates T cell proliferation
Glutamine is ________________ in states of illness or injury
conditionally essential
Glutamine-enriched nutrition reduces__________
hospital infection rates
Iron deficiency is associated w/ ____________
decreased inflammatory responses
-decreased respiratory burst
-decreased ability of PMNs to kill bacteria/fungi
-decreased lymphocyte response to
antigen/mitogen
- impairs NK cell activity
Iron def. may enhance immunity to infectious diseases but untargeted supplementation is BAD
word
The time to correct iron is ______________
NOT during an infection
- some bac like iron like malaria
Are humans able to store zinc?
no
zinc deficiency impairs (5)
- clonal expansion of T/B cells
- NK cell cytotoxicity
- phagocytosis
- complement activity
- wound healing
Zinc supplements may ________
decrease incidence and/or duration of disease
Zinc toxicity can occur, which can
reduce immune fxn
if taken early zinc may prevent________
rhinovirus binding and replication
Selenium is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase which ______________
helps remove hydrogen peroxide
Selenium deficiency leads to (3)
- increased ROS levels which damage macrophages and PMNs
- decreased lymphocyte activation
- decreased cytokine production
Vitamin A is essential for _____________
maintaining epidermal and mucosal integrity
-a compromised barrier may allow pathogenic organisms to cross–> invasive disease
Vitamin A enhances recovery, but ___________
doesn’t prevent infections
Vitamin A deficiency results in (3)
- loss of cilia, microvilli, mucus
- diminished number and fxn of PMNs, macrophages, and NK cells
- decreased lymphocyte fxns and reduced homing to the gut
Vitamin D may enhance ____________ but may inhibit ___________
- enhance innate immunity
- inhibit adaptive immunity
Vitamin E is an _______ that increases ______
- antioxidant
- IL-2
- increases B and NK cell fxn
Vitamin E supplementation (2)
- may reverse some age-related decline in immune fxn
- increase risk of prostate
Vitamin C provides protection against ________
oxidative damage
-neutralizes ROS that escape from the phagolysosome
Vitamin C does NOT inhibit ____
bactericidal activity
Vitamin C does NOT protect against _________
-the common cold although it may shorten the duration
What happens to your immune system if you are chronically stressed?
get wrecked
The stress response was designed for _____________
short-term physical crises
- react then reestablish homeostasis
- can be activated for psychological reasons–>stress response becomes a problem
stress responds leads to release of
glucocorticoids
-cortisol–>anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive effects
Acute sleep deprivation (2)
- decrease adaptive immunity (Th1)
- decrease vaccine antibody response
Chronic sleep deprivation (2+2)
- increased innate immunity/inflammation
- increase IL-6, IL-1, TNF, TNFR1
- decrease adaptive immunity
- decreased vaccine antibody response
What are two drugs that can cause immunodeficiency?
- glucocorticoids
- calcineurin-inhibitors = inhibit IL-2 synthesis
