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Pastest > Second year > Flashcards

Second year Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve commonly injured in knee injuries

A

Peroneal nerve

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2
Q

Z thumbing associated with…

A

SLE OMG

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3
Q

Other organs/symptoms affected in sjogrens

A

The sicca syndrome is due to T cell infiltration of lacrimal and salivary glands
Sjogrens may also affect pancreas (malabsorption) and vagina (dyspareunia) and GI tract (oesophagitis, gastritis, constipation)

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4
Q

Conus elasticus

A

Cricothyroid membrane

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5
Q

Pulsatile mass in the neck

A

Carotid aneurysm or carotid body tumour

Diagnosis with doppler ultrasound or subtraction angiogrpahy

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6
Q

Multinodular goitre most commonly associated with which thyroid state?

A

Euthyroid

Mutlinodular almost never malignant

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7
Q

Where do salivary gland stones most commonly occur?

A

The submandibular gland
Intermittent swelling below the jaw
Pain worse on eating but otherwise fine
Stones in the duct may be palpable

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8
Q

Potts disease

A

Crush fracture of the thoracic spine caused by tuberculosis osteoarthritis
This causes a marked spinal flexion deformity

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9
Q

Cause of charcot foot

A

Neuropathy e.g. diabetic neuropathy

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10
Q

How do branchial cysts arise?

A

From incomplete fusion of the branchial arches

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11
Q

Characteristic birefringent cholesterol crystals?

A

Branchial cyst

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12
Q

The thyroid gland migrates from where?

A

The foramen caecum

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13
Q

They classicallu bulge forward in from the middle third of the sternocleidomastoid

A

Branchial cyst

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14
Q

How do follicular cancers spread?

A

Via blood

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15
Q

MEN syndromes are related with which type of cancers?

A

Medullary cancers are associated with MEN

They originate from parafollicular thyroid C cells and secrete calcitonin

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16
Q

Which type of cancers occur in iodine rich areas of the thyroid gland?

A

Papillary cancers mainly occur in the iodine rich areas of the thyroid gland

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17
Q

Which type of arteries affected in polyarteritis nodosa?

A

Medium and small sized arteries, but also veins and vasa nervosa of nerves
Any age group but most commonl aged 30-60

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18
Q

Treatment for PAN

A

Prednisolon and azathioprine

cyclophosphamide in severe

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19
Q

Endocrine conditions causing diabetes

A

Cushings
Acromegaly
Phaeochromocytoma (excess adrenaline)

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20
Q

lol complications of acromegaly

A

acne and greasy skin
galactorrhea
obstructive sleep apnea
cardiac complications incl. fibrosis, hypertrophy

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21
Q

Otorrhea

A

Discharge of ear

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22
Q

Which nerves could cause earache?

A

V, VII, IX, X CN2, CN3

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23
Q

Causes of discharge from ear?

A

acute otitis media
chronic otitis media
CSF (after trauma)

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24
Q

Foramen spinosum transmits what?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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25
Q

How is the middle cranial fossa connected to the PPF?

A

Via the foramen rotundum

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26
Q

How is the middle cranial fossa/foramled lacerum connected to the PPF?

A

Via the vidian canal

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27
Q

How is the orbit connected to the PPF?

A

Via the INFERIOR orbital fissure

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28
Q

How is the nose connected to the PPF?

A

Via the sphenopalatine foramen

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29
Q

How is the mouth connected to the PPF?

A

Via the greater and lesser palatine canals

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30
Q

How is the masticator space connected to the PPF?

A

Via the pterygomaxillary fissure

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31
Q

Muscles in phonation

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

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32
Q

Muscles in respiration

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

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33
Q

Waldeyers ring of tonsils

A

Palatine tonsil
Adenoid tonsil (pharyngeal)
Lingual tonsil

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34
Q

Positive Paul-Bunnel test

A

Glandular fever

35
Q

Campbell de Morgan spots

A

Cherry red macules that can present on the trunk and limbs

-No treatment is required

36
Q

What is pyoderma gangrenosum associated with?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s, UC)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Haematological disorders (e.g. leukaemia)

37
Q

Nail disease is psoriasis

A

Nail pitting, oncholysis, ridging

38
Q

Herald patch

A

Pityriasis rosea

39
Q

Conditions predisposig to photosensitivity?

A

SLE
Porphyria (all types except acute intermittent)
Pellagra

40
Q

Drugs which can cause exacerbations of psoriasis?

A

Beta-blockers
Antimalarials
Lithium
Interferons

41
Q

Fluid filled lesion greater than 1cm diameter

A

Bulla

42
Q

Dried serum, pus or blood

A

Crust

43
Q

Vascular dilation and inflammation producing a redness to the skin

A

Erythema

44
Q

Excoriation

A

Scratch marks, self-induced, often secondary to itching

45
Q

Chronic thickening and increased marking of the skin caused by scratching

A

Lichenification

46
Q

Macule

A

Change in colour or texture of the skin, without any change in elevation

47
Q

Nodule

A

A raised lesion with a rounded surface greater than 1cm in diameter

48
Q

Papule

A

Solid raised lesion less than 1cm in diameter

49
Q

Plaque

A

Elevated plateau of the skin, often greater than 1cm

50
Q

Pustule

A

Pus filled lesion

51
Q

Flakes arising from the stratum corneum

A

Scale

52
Q

Telangiectasia

A

Small dilated blood vessel near the skin’s surface

53
Q

Vesicle

A

A fluid-filled lesion less than 1cm diameter

54
Q

A raised compressible area of dermal oedema

A

Weal

55
Q

Features of arterial ulcers

A

Occurring in foot or pretibial area, sharply defined, painful, associated with loss of pulses.
The surrounding area often has a dusky discolouration and loss of hair

56
Q

Features of neuropathic ulcers

A

Painless, occurs on sites of trauma and weight bearing (such as heel and metatarsal head), associated with loss of sensation and reflexes, pulses are present

57
Q

Hydrocortisone 1-2.5%

A

Mild potencies

58
Q

Eumovate

A

Moderate potencies

59
Q

Betnovate

A

Potent

60
Q

Dermovate

A

Very potent

61
Q

Help Every Budding Dermatologist

A

Hydrocortisone
Eumovate
Betnovate
Dermovates

62
Q

Asteatotic eczema associated with..?

A

Common in elderly

Associated with diuretic use and hypothyroidism

63
Q

Isotretinoin has anti-inflammatory and sebum reducing properties, it is highly effective at treating acne. Give a possible side effect?

A

Dry skin and lips
Dryness of eyes leading to conjunctivitis
Dryness of mucus membranes causing epistaxis
Alopecia
Myalgia

64
Q

Cardiac causes of clubbing

A

Infective endocarditis

Cyanotic congenital heart disease

65
Q

Respiratory causes of clubbing

A

Bronchial cancer, TB, sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis

66
Q

GI causes of finger clubbing

A

IBD< biliary cirrhosis, malabsorption

67
Q

When are osler’s nodes seen

A

Infective endocarditis

SLE

68
Q

Type of psoriasis associated consisting of symmetrical distribution of tear-drop like lesions, mainly occurring on the trunk. This can often follow a streptococcal throat infection

A

Guttate psoriasis

69
Q

Most common site for plaque psoriasis?

A

Elbows, knees, scalp and sacrum

70
Q

Dithranol side effects?

A

Staining of skin and clothes and burning if left on for too long
-for this reason it should only be used for 30 mins per day

71
Q

Ingram regime

A

Dithranol in combination with UVB light

72
Q

What is erythroderma?

A

A condition which causes the majority (>90%) of the skin surface to become inflamed, erythematous and scaly
-psoriasis, eczema, drug reactions, blistering conditions (pemphigus, pemphigoid)

73
Q

Caused by the pox virus

A

Molluscum contagiosum

  • caused by pox virus
  • spread via direct contact
74
Q

Treatment for molluscum contagiosum?

A

Cryotherapy and imiquimod

75
Q

Impetigo, folliculitis and ecthyma caused by which bacteria?

A

Staphylococcus

76
Q

Cellulitis, impetigo and necrotising fasciitis caused by which bacteria?

A

Streptococcus

77
Q

Increased incidence of which carcinomas in dermatomyositis?

A

Bronchus and ovaries

78
Q

Mycosis fungoides

A

T-cell lymphoma initially confined to the skin

79
Q

Anti-endomyseal antibody positivity, granular IgA deposits seen on biopsy, and mild anaemia

A

Dermatitis herpetiformis

80
Q

Most common causes of erythema nodosum (not drugs)

A

Streptococcal infection, idiopathic and sarcoidosis

81
Q

This characteristic lesion is a shiny, flat-topped, violaceous papule.
Histologically there is damage to the basal layer of the epidermis accompanied by an intense infiltration of lymphocytes plus a few histiocyes

A

Lichen Planus

82
Q

Autoimmune conditions associated with vitiligo?

A

Diabetes, pernicious anemia, addisons disease, myxedema or thyrotoxicosis

83
Q

Myxedema

A

Severe hypothyrodisim

Pastest (2 decks)

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