Second year Flashcards
Nerve commonly injured in knee injuries
Peroneal nerve
Z thumbing associated with…
SLE OMG
Other organs/symptoms affected in sjogrens
The sicca syndrome is due to T cell infiltration of lacrimal and salivary glands
Sjogrens may also affect pancreas (malabsorption) and vagina (dyspareunia) and GI tract (oesophagitis, gastritis, constipation)
Conus elasticus
Cricothyroid membrane
Pulsatile mass in the neck
Carotid aneurysm or carotid body tumour
Diagnosis with doppler ultrasound or subtraction angiogrpahy
Multinodular goitre most commonly associated with which thyroid state?
Euthyroid
Mutlinodular almost never malignant
Where do salivary gland stones most commonly occur?
The submandibular gland
Intermittent swelling below the jaw
Pain worse on eating but otherwise fine
Stones in the duct may be palpable
Potts disease
Crush fracture of the thoracic spine caused by tuberculosis osteoarthritis
This causes a marked spinal flexion deformity
Cause of charcot foot
Neuropathy e.g. diabetic neuropathy
How do branchial cysts arise?
From incomplete fusion of the branchial arches
Characteristic birefringent cholesterol crystals?
Branchial cyst
The thyroid gland migrates from where?
The foramen caecum
They classicallu bulge forward in from the middle third of the sternocleidomastoid
Branchial cyst
How do follicular cancers spread?
Via blood
MEN syndromes are related with which type of cancers?
Medullary cancers are associated with MEN
They originate from parafollicular thyroid C cells and secrete calcitonin
Which type of cancers occur in iodine rich areas of the thyroid gland?
Papillary cancers mainly occur in the iodine rich areas of the thyroid gland
Which type of arteries affected in polyarteritis nodosa?
Medium and small sized arteries, but also veins and vasa nervosa of nerves
Any age group but most commonl aged 30-60
Treatment for PAN
Prednisolon and azathioprine
cyclophosphamide in severe
Endocrine conditions causing diabetes
Cushings
Acromegaly
Phaeochromocytoma (excess adrenaline)
lol complications of acromegaly
acne and greasy skin
galactorrhea
obstructive sleep apnea
cardiac complications incl. fibrosis, hypertrophy
Otorrhea
Discharge of ear
Which nerves could cause earache?
V, VII, IX, X CN2, CN3
Causes of discharge from ear?
acute otitis media
chronic otitis media
CSF (after trauma)
Foramen spinosum transmits what?
Middle meningeal artery
How is the middle cranial fossa connected to the PPF?
Via the foramen rotundum
How is the middle cranial fossa/foramled lacerum connected to the PPF?
Via the vidian canal
How is the orbit connected to the PPF?
Via the INFERIOR orbital fissure
How is the nose connected to the PPF?
Via the sphenopalatine foramen
How is the mouth connected to the PPF?
Via the greater and lesser palatine canals
How is the masticator space connected to the PPF?
Via the pterygomaxillary fissure
Muscles in phonation
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
Muscles in respiration
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
Waldeyers ring of tonsils
Palatine tonsil
Adenoid tonsil (pharyngeal)
Lingual tonsil
Positive Paul-Bunnel test
Glandular fever
Campbell de Morgan spots
Cherry red macules that can present on the trunk and limbs
-No treatment is required
What is pyoderma gangrenosum associated with?
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s, UC)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Haematological disorders (e.g. leukaemia)
Nail disease is psoriasis
Nail pitting, oncholysis, ridging
Herald patch
Pityriasis rosea
Conditions predisposig to photosensitivity?
SLE
Porphyria (all types except acute intermittent)
Pellagra
Drugs which can cause exacerbations of psoriasis?
Beta-blockers
Antimalarials
Lithium
Interferons
Fluid filled lesion greater than 1cm diameter
Bulla
Dried serum, pus or blood
Crust
Vascular dilation and inflammation producing a redness to the skin
Erythema
Excoriation
Scratch marks, self-induced, often secondary to itching
Chronic thickening and increased marking of the skin caused by scratching
Lichenification
Macule
Change in colour or texture of the skin, without any change in elevation
Nodule
A raised lesion with a rounded surface greater than 1cm in diameter
Papule
Solid raised lesion less than 1cm in diameter
Plaque
Elevated plateau of the skin, often greater than 1cm
Pustule
Pus filled lesion
Flakes arising from the stratum corneum
Scale
Telangiectasia
Small dilated blood vessel near the skin’s surface
Vesicle
A fluid-filled lesion less than 1cm diameter
A raised compressible area of dermal oedema
Weal
Features of arterial ulcers
Occurring in foot or pretibial area, sharply defined, painful, associated with loss of pulses.
The surrounding area often has a dusky discolouration and loss of hair
Features of neuropathic ulcers
Painless, occurs on sites of trauma and weight bearing (such as heel and metatarsal head), associated with loss of sensation and reflexes, pulses are present
Hydrocortisone 1-2.5%
Mild potencies
Eumovate
Moderate potencies
Betnovate
Potent
Dermovate
Very potent
Help Every Budding Dermatologist
Hydrocortisone
Eumovate
Betnovate
Dermovates
Asteatotic eczema associated with..?
Common in elderly
Associated with diuretic use and hypothyroidism
Isotretinoin has anti-inflammatory and sebum reducing properties, it is highly effective at treating acne. Give a possible side effect?
Dry skin and lips
Dryness of eyes leading to conjunctivitis
Dryness of mucus membranes causing epistaxis
Alopecia
Myalgia
Cardiac causes of clubbing
Infective endocarditis
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
Respiratory causes of clubbing
Bronchial cancer, TB, sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis
GI causes of finger clubbing
IBD< biliary cirrhosis, malabsorption
When are osler’s nodes seen
Infective endocarditis
SLE
Type of psoriasis associated consisting of symmetrical distribution of tear-drop like lesions, mainly occurring on the trunk. This can often follow a streptococcal throat infection
Guttate psoriasis
Most common site for plaque psoriasis?
Elbows, knees, scalp and sacrum
Dithranol side effects?
Staining of skin and clothes and burning if left on for too long
-for this reason it should only be used for 30 mins per day
Ingram regime
Dithranol in combination with UVB light
What is erythroderma?
A condition which causes the majority (>90%) of the skin surface to become inflamed, erythematous and scaly
-psoriasis, eczema, drug reactions, blistering conditions (pemphigus, pemphigoid)
Caused by the pox virus
Molluscum contagiosum
- caused by pox virus
- spread via direct contact
Treatment for molluscum contagiosum?
Cryotherapy and imiquimod
Impetigo, folliculitis and ecthyma caused by which bacteria?
Staphylococcus
Cellulitis, impetigo and necrotising fasciitis caused by which bacteria?
Streptococcus
Increased incidence of which carcinomas in dermatomyositis?
Bronchus and ovaries
Mycosis fungoides
T-cell lymphoma initially confined to the skin
Anti-endomyseal antibody positivity, granular IgA deposits seen on biopsy, and mild anaemia
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Most common causes of erythema nodosum (not drugs)
Streptococcal infection, idiopathic and sarcoidosis
This characteristic lesion is a shiny, flat-topped, violaceous papule.
Histologically there is damage to the basal layer of the epidermis accompanied by an intense infiltration of lymphocytes plus a few histiocyes
Lichen Planus
Autoimmune conditions associated with vitiligo?
Diabetes, pernicious anemia, addisons disease, myxedema or thyrotoxicosis
Myxedema
Severe hypothyrodisim
