Khoisan
- One of the oldest language families
- Hunter gatherer
- There are about 20 Khoisan groups left
- By 2000 BP they became primarily pastoralists
- Pushed towards the West by the Bantu by 1500 BP
- Low population density, 50,000 people by 1600
- Were pushed out primarily due to disease
Moshoeshoe
1786-1870
- First King of Losoto
- Due to his kindness, he attracted missionaries to his capital. He was able to receive guns and horses (at the time, these were essential for warfare)
- Able to save army by directing them to the top of Butha Buthe. He eventually moved his people to the top of this mountain because it easier to defend from above.
- Crated BaSotho State
- Never converted to Christianity but the missionaries highly respected him, this led to receiving support from the British government
Shaka Zulu
1787-1828 -More movies than books about him -Mythic but real -Misrepresented a violent -Celebrated a military genius -Came from the Zulu clan Crated Zulu state -Used his disciplined army to conquer northern territories such as Tanzania
Bantu
- By 1500, expanded similar languages, pushed Khoisan people from east to west coast
- Alliances with other communities shifted, combined, or separated
- Niger Congo speaking population. West and Central Africa
- Pushed people from south Cameroon and Eastern Congo into central Africa about 2000 BP
- Two remaining states are Lesotho and Swaziland. Both are monarchies- kings have hundreds of children
- Lesotho is about 40% HIV- adults
Maghrib
- Another name for Northern Africa
- the Arabic name for the NW part of Africa, generally including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and sometimes Libya.
- Arabic for West
- Coastal Northern Africa
The Omani Empire
17th-19th c
- United in 17th century under Yarubi dynasty
- Strong sailors
- Sold dates and palms for products
- Port cities were Muscat and Salala
- Main religion was Kharijite Islam. this is more flexible than other sects and more people converted to this during this time
- Geographically, a better location to trade with Portugal
- Victory over Portugal
- Ended partially due to end of slavery in the Indian Ocean
Asante Empire
West African state that occupied what is now southern Ghana in the 18th and 19th centuries.
-Extending from the Comoé River in the west to the Togo Mountains in the east, the Asante empire was active in the slave trade in the 18th century and unsuccessfully resisted British penetration in the 19th
Sugar
- Contributed to the growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade
- Only has been used for mass consumption for the last 200 years
- Most important commidity
- Originally domesticated in New Guinea and diffused to India
Cape Colored
(in South Africa) a person of mixed ethnic descent resident in the Western Cape Province, speaking Afrikaans or English as their first language
-Term given to population of Mixed Maylay, African, and European origin in region of Cape Town
Atlantic Slave Trade
- Driven by sugar
- truly horrible
- Portuguese were leading suppliers of slaves in 15th century
Benin
- Modern Nigeria
- French speaking nation
- Birth place of voodoo religion
- Former Dahomey Kingdom
- East of Togo
The Trans-Saharan Caravan (1828)- Rene Cailie
- European explorer
- Encounter of how Rene crossed the desert from Arawan and Taghaza
- the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century.
- Crossed the desert with a caravan of 1,400 camels, slaves, gold, ivory, gum, ostrich feather to morocco
Swahili
“People of the coast”. From arabic sahel. Language and ethnic group characterized by a mix of African and Middle-Eastern languages and populations
Dahomey
West African state that rose to prominence during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade.
-Existed from 1600-1894
Bartolomeo Diaz
First Portuguese captain to round the Cape of Good Hope
-Considered a hero in Portugal 1450-1500
Kilwa
- An island off the coast of Tanzania
- An important Swahili trading port from the eighth century c.e throughout the 16th century when it was sacked by the Portuguese.
- Was visited by Ibn Battuta in 1331
Leo Africanus
- A scholar and traveler.
- He was born in Muslim Spain in the late 15th century
- Educated in Morocco at Fez.
- Captured at sea by Europeans
- He was presented to the Pope who granted him freedom and encouraged him to convert to Christianity
- Wrote extensively about the travels of Africa
Ribats
- Fortresses established on the frontier of the expanding Islamic state during the seventh century C.E.
- Many grew to become cities
Prester John
- Mythical Christian king whom medieval Europeans believed lived in Africa.
- Found in European chronicles and tradition from the 12th-17th century
- Drove Muslims out of Jerusalem
Sufi, Sunni, Shia
Shi’a- Islamic sect that identifies the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and son in law Ali as the only legitimate rulers in Islam.
-Many settled in North and Eastern Africa in the 8th century
Sufism- Mystical branch of Islam that stresses the ability of believers to achieve union with God in this life. Very common in Africa
Sunni- one of the two main branches of Islam, commonly described as orthodox, and differing from Shia in its understanding of the Sunna and in its acceptance of the first three caliphs.
Walter Rodney
- Believed Europe under developed Africa
- Argued that African societies rarely held slaves and when they did it was because of their connection to the slave trade.
- Widespread use of slave in African society in the 18th and 19th century corrupted traditional African societies
- Slave trade changed Africa for the worse
Plazos
- Portuguese plantation
- occured along the Zambezi river
- 100,000 acres
- Sugar crops
Moresby Line (1822)
- the result of An anti-slavery treaty made between the Sayyid Said Sultan of Muscat and Fairefax Moresby on behalf of Britain
- The line ran from the southernmost point of the sultan’s territory in Africa – Cape Delgado in Mozambique - through the Indian Ocean to the coast of India.
- The transportation of slaves west of the established line, a primarily Muslim zone of the Indian Ocean, was considered legal but prohibited on the eastern side
Trans-Sharan Slave Trade
VS
Atlantic Slave Trade
Trans-Saharan
-8th-17th century
-During this time, it was not malevolent to own slaves, it was prestigious
-Many slaves were purchased near Islamic empires due to the spread of Islam in northern Africa
-The majority of these slaves were captured by other Africans in the interior and brought to the borders of the Islamic Empire to be sold in markets.
-The law required owners to treat slaves well, provide medical treatment, and prohibited slave owners from taking young
children from their mothers, had no right to property, could marry only with permission of their owner, and was considered to be chattel – or
an owner’s property
Atlantic
-15th through the 19th Century
-9-12 million slaves were brought to the Americas
-Began around 1450
-The New world or the Americas needed labor for plantations and mines- this formed the middle passage
-Portugal was responsible for approx 40% of all trade
-Peaked in the 17th century
-Took place in Western Africa
