Second Stack Flashcards
Pythagorean
a^2+b^2=c^2
Prime Numbers
A number greater than 1 with only two factors: 1 and itself.
Composite Numbers
A number greater than 1 that has more than two factors.
Integers
Whole numbers and their opposites, including zero.
Absolute Value
The distance of a number from zero on a number line.
Factors
Numbers you can multiply together to get another number.
Multiples
The result of multiplying a number by an integer.
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
The largest factor shared by two or more numbers.
Least Common Multiple (LCM)
The smallest multiple shared by two or more numbers.
Exponents
A shorthand notation for repeated multiplication of the same factor.
Square Roots
A value that, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number.
Order of Operations (PEMDAS)
Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction.
Fractions
A way to represent parts of a whole, using a numerator and denominator.
Improper Fractions
A fraction where the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator.
Mixed Numbers
A whole number and a fraction combined.
Decimal Conversion
Converting between fractions and decimals.
Rounding
Adjusting a number to be closer to an approximate value.
Percentages
A ratio that compares a number to 100.
Ratio
A comparison of two quantities by division.
Proportion
An equation that states two ratios are equivalent.
Mean
The average of a set of numbers.
Median
The middle number in a sorted list of numbers.
Mode
The number that appears most frequently in a data set.
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest values in a set.
Probability
The likelihood of an event occurring, expressed as a fraction, decimal, or percentage.
Basic Probability Formula
Probability = Favorable Outcomes / Total Outcomes.
Equations
Mathematical statements with an equality sign, expressing the equality of two expressions.
Expressions
A mathematical phrase combining numbers, variables, and operation symbols.
Linear Equations
An equation between two variables that produces a straight line when graphed.
Slope
The steepness of a line, calculated as rise over run.
Coordinate Plane
A two-dimensional plane formed by the intersection of a vertical y-axis and a horizontal x-axis.
Quadrants
The four sections of a coordinate plane.
Distance Formula
d = √[(x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂ - y₁)²], used to find the distance between two points.
Midpoint Formula
((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ + y₂)/2), finds the midpoint between two points.
Area of a Rectangle
A = length × width
Area of a Triangle
A = (base × height) / 2
Area of a Circle
A = π × radius²
Circumference of a Circle
C = 2 × π × radius or C = π × diameter
Perimeter
The total length of the sides of a two-dimensional shape.
Volume of a Cube
V = side³
Volume of a Rectangular Prism
V = length × width × height
Surface Area of a Cube
SA = 6 × side²
Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism
SA = 2(lw + lh + wh)
Right Triangle
A triangle with one 90° angle.
Pythagorean Theorem
a² + b² = c², used to find the length of a side in a right triangle.
Isosceles Triangle
A triangle with two equal sides and two equal angles.
Equilateral Triangle
A triangle with all sides and angles equal.
Parallelogram
A quadrilateral with opposite sides that are parallel and equal.
Rhombus
A parallelogram with all sides equal.
Trapezoid
A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.
Angles
The space between two intersecting lines or surfaces.
Complementary Angles
Two angles whose sum is 90°.
Supplementary Angles
Two angles whose sum is 180°.
Vertical Angles
Angles opposite each other when two lines intersect.
Acute Angle
An angle that is less than 90°.
Obtuse Angle
An angle that is more than 90° but less than 180°.
Right Angle
An angle that is exactly 90°.
Perpendicular Lines
Lines that intersect at a 90° angle.
Parallel Lines
Lines in a plane that do not intersect.
Integer Properties
Rules about positive, negative, and zero values.
Multiplication and Division of Integers
Rules for multiplying and dividing positive and negative numbers.
Prime Factorization
Expressing a number as the product of its prime factors.
Distributive Property
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Associative Property
Changing the grouping does not affect the result: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Commutative Property
Changing the order does not affect the result: a + b = b + a
Square Numbers
The product of a number multiplied by itself (e.g., 4 = 2²).
Cube Numbers
The product of a number multiplied by itself twice (e.g., 8 = 2³).
Scientific Notation
A way to express very large or small numbers (e.g., 3 × 10⁸).
Exponential Growth
Growth whose rate becomes more rapid in proportion to the growing total.
Exponent Rules
Rules for multiplying, dividing, and raising powers.
Absolute Value Inequalities
Inequalities that involve the absolute value of a variable.
Function
A relation where each input has a unique output.
Domain
The set of all possible input values for a function.
Range
The set of all possible output values for a function.
Rate
A ratio comparing two different units (e.g., miles per hour).
Unit Rate
A rate with a denominator of one (e.g., 5 miles per hour).
Rational Numbers
Numbers that can be expressed as a fraction.
Irrational Numbers
Numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction.
Proportional Relationships
Relationships where the ratio between two quantities remains constant.
Scale Factor
A factor by which a figure is enlarged or reduced.
Simultaneous Equations
Equations involving two or more unknowns that are solved together.
Inequality
A mathematical sentence indicating that two expressions are not equal.
Compound Inequality
Two inequalities that are combined into one statement by the words ‘and’ or ‘or’.
System of Equations
A set of two or more equations with the same variables.
Graphing Linear Equations
Plotting a straight line that represents an equation in two variables.
Polynomial
An expression with more than one term.
Quadratic Formula
x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a
Permutation
An arrangement of objects in a specific order.
Combination
A selection of items without regard to order.
Compound Interest Formula
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)
Simple Interest Formula
I = Prt
Standard Deviation
A measure of the amount of variation in a set of values.
Variance
The square of the standard deviation.
Binomial
An expression with two terms.
Trinomial
An expression with three terms.
Quadratic Function
A function that can be described by an equation of the form y = ax² + bx + c.
Logarithm
The exponent to which a base must be raised to produce a given number.
Arithmetic Sequence
A sequence in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number.
Geometric Sequence
A sequence in which each term is obtained by multiplying by a fixed number.
