Second Partial Study

Question 1

What movement reacted against Neoclassicism?

Answer 1

Romanticism

Question 2

What did Neoclassicism revaluate?

Answer 2

Greek and Roman art, although they only imitaded it.

Question 3

What style did Neoclassicism hate and why?

Answer 3

Baroque, because they thought it was too overloaded and complicated.

Question 4

What was the Enlightment?

Answer 4

An intellectual movement where reason prevailed over feelings and emotions.

Question 5

Characteristics of Neoclassicism

Answer 5

Objective, critical and rational. Aimed to moral and didactic purposes.

Question 6

Setting

Answer 6

Time and place in which the action of a story or play occurs. The context of the story.

Question 7

Characteristics of Romanticism

Answer 7

-It goes against Neoclassicism.
-It emphasizes the human being as an individual. It presents the man as a person with emotions, strengths and weaknesses.
-Death is constantly present in the texts.
-Imagination and subjectivity are more important than reason.
-Humanity searches for freedom. Nostalgia, melancholy and passion are shown.
-The artists admired the past and history, like the Middle Ages.

Question 8

Most important compositions of Romanticism

Answer 8

Faust by Johann Wolfgang Goethe
Les Miserables by Victor Hugo
Rhymes by Gustavo Adolfo

Question 9

Why did Realism rise?

Answer 9

Because the problems between the poletariat and the bourgeoisie, and due to scientific discoveries.

Question 10

What are the 2 secret intentions that can be seen in important Realistic works?

Answer 10

Hypocrisy and struggle for power.

Question 11

Goal of Realism

Answer 11

To find knowledge

Question 12

Representative authors of Realism

Answer 12

Honoré de Balzac, Charles Dickens, Chekhov, Leo Tolstoy

Question 13

Characteristics of Realism

Answer 13

-Against the Romanticism movement.
-Stays away from anything related to emotions, feelings and spirit. All analytical.
-Impersonal. Everything is objective.
-The main features are the local environment and description of events.
-Everyday life is an important.
-Real display of the problems that man has, politically and socially.

Question 14

Characteristics of Naturalism

Answer 14

-Life is shown as deterministic, there are many things that make a man behave in a certain way.
-Pessimism regarding the fate of society.
-Objective and based on observation, documentation and testing.
-Settings and characters are described with a lot of details.
-Novels are very long.
-Uses scientific lexicon.

Question 15

Most important compositions of Naturalism and Realism

Answer 15

-The Red and the Black, by Stendhal
-Marianela, by Benito Pérez Galdós
-Nana, by Émile Zola

Question 16

Neoclassicism began after … ____

Answer 16

In Europe, the death of Louis XIV

Question 17

Main thinkers during the Enlightenment

Answer 17

René Descartes, Blaise Pascal and Galileo Galilei.

Question 18

Faust by Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Answer 18

It tells the story of Faust, a man who is tempted by Mephistopheles, the devil, who offers to give youth if he surrenders his soul. With the help of Mephistopheles, Faust seduces his loved Gretchen. The novel shows a man who is looking for his own happiness and would do anything to achieve it.

Question 19

Les Misérables by Victor Hugo

Answer 19

Jean Valjean is imprisoned for 19 years for stealing a loaf. When he escapes, he finds asylum in the house of a bishop, Myriel, from whom he steals some silverware. The bishop forgives him but tells him to be more honest from now on. The novel constantly handles the issue of justice, kindness and crime.

Question 20

Rhymes (Rimas) by Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer

Answer 20

It has a total of seventy-six poems. Although written in the nineteenth century, it was considered romantic because of their topics in which Bécquer exalts poetry, love, women and feelings.

Question 21

Whe did Romanticism emerge?

Answer 21

19th century

Question 22

When did Realism rise?

Answer 22

It emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Question 23

What is Naturalism?

Answer 23

An exaggerated realism.

Question 24

The Red and the Black (Le Rouge et le Noir), by Stendhal

Answer 24

A psycologica novel. Julien Sorel, becomes the tutor of the children of the mayor Verrières. The Renal lady, mother of Sorel’ students, became interested in the preceptor and a relationship between the two starts. The relationship ends when Julien leaves after a while. Julien ends in love with Matilda. However, Mrs. Renal write a letter confessing what happened with Julien, causing the Marquis disapproving his daughter’s wedding. Julien kills Mrs. Renal, ending up imprisoned and guillotined.

Question 25

Marianela, by Benito Pérez Galdós

Answer 25

About sensitivity, poverty, and the importance that society gives to physical beauty. Marianela is a girl who falls in love with Pablo Penáguila, a young man born blind. One day, the boy recieves eye surgery. The operation is a success, but Marianela does not want to be seen by Pablo, as she fears that he will be disappointed with her ugliness. In the end, Marianela sees Pablo, but she dies because of sadness.

Question 26

Nana, by Émile Zola

Answer 26

The story of a woman who starts flirting and ruining all men who approach her. In the end, Nana dies attacked by black smallpox. Realistic and morally questionable.

Question 27

When did United States achieve its independence?

Answer 27

1776

Question 28

What values where shown in American writings?

Answer 28

They exalted patriotism, equality, freedom and truth.

Question 29

The 3 important American events

Answer 29

the Revolution, the Colonization by the English and the territorial expansion.

Question 30

Characteristics of North American literature

Answer 30

-The writings establish the popular and the issues of daily basis.
-Realism is handled in a direct and crude manner. Misfortunes through the country are reflected.
-Vivid images.
-Abundant imagination.
-The characters have a strong psychology
-In narrative.

Question 31

Most important works of Northern American literature

Answer 31

-Extraordinary Stories by Edgar Allan Poe
-The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain (the father of American literature)
-Moby Dick by Herman Melville

Question 32

Extraordinary Stories

Answer 32

A series of short stories with varied, sometimes fanciful, mysterious, controversial, but especially disturbing themes.

Question 33

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

Answer 33

It is about Tom, a mischievous boy who lives in St. Petersburg, Missouri. He falls in love with Becky, the daughter of a judge, witness the murder of Dr. Robinson, run away from home and make everyone believe he was dead to reappear in the church and go treasure hunting, among other adventures.

Question 34

Moby Dick

Answer 34

A sailor named Ahab, captain of the Pequod, seeks revenge on a whale, Moby Dick, which caused him to lose a leg. For three days the whale fights against his boat and eventually dies.

Question 35

(B.R.) Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga

Answer 35

The Araucaniad, he recounts the struggle between the Araucanians, whose emperor was Caupolican and conquerors, a battle that he testified. (conquest of Chile)

Question 36

(B.R.) Bernardo de Balbuena

Answer 36

Mexico’s Grandeur, he describes the city of Mexico. The poet talks about the city’s buildings, horses, streets, religion and government.

Question 37

(B.R.) Gutierre de Cetina

Answer 37

Poem, Madrigal. Wrote many songs, sonnets and poems.

Question 38

(B.R.) Juan Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza

Answer 38

Was a graduate of the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. His theater compositions showed fine language, great lines and deep characters, which exalted human values.

Question 39

(B.R.) Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

Answer 39

Prominent essayist and poet, she spoke Latin, Portuguese and Nahuatl. Joined the Discalced Carmelites at age 16.

-Reply to Sister Philotea, she defends herself against criticism from the bishop of Puebla.
-First Dream, speaks philosophically about the awakening of the human intellect.
-The Tenth Muse

Question 40

When did Romanticism appear in Argentina?

Answer 40

1839

Question 41

Esteban Echeverría

Answer 41

(Romanticism) A lot of liberal ideas. “the brooding spirit of philosophy”
-El matadero
-La cautiva

Question 42

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

Answer 42

(Romanticism)
-Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism: He compares the life of the countryside and the city.
-Mi defensa
-Argilópolis
-Recollections of Provincial Past

Question 43

José López Portillo y Rojas

Answer 43

(Realism) His writings preceded the novels about the Mexican revolution. Considered the “father of rural novel”.
-The Parcel of Land, It is about the relationship between man and land.
-The precursors
-The Mirror
-Quetzalcóatl

Question 44

Naturalism in Latin America

Answer 44

-The writing was raw and dramatic.
-Had topics like the pests that plagued, the miserable conditions in which people lived, the inhuman exploitation of man, etc.

Question 45

Baldomero Lillo

Answer 45

(Naturalism) Lillo could see how the miners lived under deplorable conditions.
-Sub terra
-The Devil’s Tunnel

Question 46

What was the Treaty of Paris?

Answer 46

In December 10, 1898, Spain was forced to give independence to Cuba.

Question 47

Why did Generation of ‘98 appear?

Answer 47

Because they decided to raise their regarding the situation of their country (low patriotism and defeat).

Question 48

Goal of the Generation of ‘98

Answer 48

Tried to find a philosophical answer to the problem of their country.

Question 49

Two types of mainstream and their characteristics

Answer 49

1: Sought a total renovation: proposed a different view of reality, of the Spanish tradition, the Spanish landscape and literary styles.

2:Wanted to show rebellion, politics, and social criticism.

Question 50

Writers of the Generation of ‘98

Answer 50

Miguel de Unamuno, Angel Ganivet, Pío Baroja, Azorín, Ramiro de Maeztu, and Antonio Machado.

Question 51

Important writings of the Generation of ‘98

Answer 51

-Mist, by Miguel de Unamuno
-The Route of Don Quixote, by José Martínez Ruiz
-El árbol de la ciencia, by Pío Baroja

Question 52

Mist

Answer 52

Augusto, falls for Eugenia. The work is about Augusto’s attempts to seduce the woman. Finally, when he is going to marry her, Eugenia leaves him for another man. Depressed, Augusto tries to commit suicide, Miguel de Unamuno which appears as a character says to Augusto that he cannot kill himself, since he is not real.

Question 53

The Route of Don Quixote

Answer 53

Describes the places in which Don Quixote, traveled. Some of the places are Argamasilla Alba, Puerto Lápiche, Alcazar de San Juan, and cave Montecinos.

Question 54

El árbol de la ciencia

Answer 54

Tells the story of Andrés Hurtado, a medical student living the “disaster” of 98. Andrés’ character is presented as someone with no vocation for study and that does not know exactly what to do with his life. Andrés ends up marrying Lulú, which makes both contemplate a period of calm, intercepted by the desire of the woman to have children. Lulú finally gets pregnant, but when she’s going to give birth, she suffers a hemorrhage and die along with the baby. Andrés, depressed, ends up committing suicide.