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Life Science 1 > Second Midterm > Flashcards

Second Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following characteristics is true of all protists?

A

contain a nucleus

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2
Q

Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because

A

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants) whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids

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3
Q

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. How can you tell?

A

the chloroplasts have three or four membranes

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4
Q

Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is paraphyletic. Which of these statements is most consistent with this conclusion?

A

some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these organisms are currently assigned to three different kingdoms

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5
Q

What does the presence of a coal mine in an area indicate about that region’s geologic history?

A

marsh or boggy habitats were once found there

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6
Q

The phylogenetic tree supports which scientific understanding of evolution of green plants?

A

the transition from water to land occurred just once

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7
Q

Biologists hypothesize that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit. Which of the following statements is part of the logic behind this theory?

A

to obtain water, early plants had to keep their tissues in direct contact with moist soil

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8
Q

Artificial selection has produced a distinct set of changes that have been observed as wild forms of plants have been brought under cultivation. Which of the following represents an example of artificial selection?

A

diversification of the wild species Brassica oeracea into the domesticated varieties of cabbage-family plants

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9
Q

Consider the following points (a) All excavates live in environments where oxygen is low, (b) All excavates lack mitochondria, and (c) All excavates have some mitochondrial genes. Based on this info which of the following is true of excavates?

A

Their ancestors had mitochondria but they were lost over time

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10
Q

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?

A

the engulfed cell provided the host cell with ATP

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11
Q

Sequence for alternation of generations

A

gametophyte, gamete, fusion, sporophyte, spore

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12
Q

Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because ___

A

photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

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13
Q

Imagine that there are 25 different species of protists living in a tide pool. Some of these species reproduce both sexually and asexually, and some of them can reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease-causing viruses and bacteria. Which species are more likely to thrive in the changing environment?

A

the sexually reproducing species

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14
Q

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?

A

the engulfed cell provided the host cell with ATP

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15
Q

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacteria?

A

chloroplast

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16
Q

A snail-like, coiled, porous (test) of calcium carbonate is a characteristic of

A

foraminiferans

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17
Q

Which of the following situations would be most favorable to the reestablishment of resident zoochlorellae, assuming compatible Chlorella are present in P. bursaria’s habitat?

A

abundan light, abundant bacterial prey

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18
Q

Which of the following is most likely to lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning?

A

dinoflagellates

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19
Q

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats ___

A

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

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20
Q

About 450 mya, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have ___

A

had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

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21
Q

What evidence do paleobotantists look for that indicated the movement of plants from water to land?

A

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

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22
Q

Which set contains the most closely related terms?

A

megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule

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23
Q

Dicots

A

2 seed leaves, netlike veins, ring vascular bundle, taproot, multiples of 4 or 5

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24
Q

Monocots

A

1 seed leaf, parallel veins, complex vascular bundles, fibrous roots, multiples of 3

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25
Q

If a fern gametophyte has both male and female gametangia on the same plant, then it ___

A

belongs to a species that is homosporous

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26
Q

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis?

A

haploid spores

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27
Q

Arrange male pine tree structures from largest to smallest

A

sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei

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28
Q

What is true about the genus Sphagnum?

A

it is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide

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29
Q

The trees grew vigorously, produced healthy flowers in profusion but set no fruit. Consequently, what is the likely source of the problem?

A

pollination failure

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30
Q

Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil?

A

Hyphae are 100 to 1000 times smaller than plant roots. Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules. Fungi can transport compounds through their mycelium from areas of surplus to areas of need (All of the above)

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31
Q

Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls allowing cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible?

A

Carbon could travel from one plant to another through a single mycorrhizal fungus

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32
Q

Carbon 14 in birch and carbon 13 in Douglas. If sugars made by one plant can travel through a mycorrhizal fungus and be incorporated into the tissues of another plant then ___

A

Carbon 14 is found in the Douglas and carbon 13 in the birch

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33
Q

Imagine that sexual reproduction could occur between hyphae that were the same mating type. How might this affect rates of evolution in fungi?

A

rates of evolution would be lower because genetic variation would be lower

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34
Q

What would this mean for the evolution of fruiting bodies for the group Dikarya?

A

the group Dikarya has members that lost the trait of complex multicellular fruiting bodies

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35
Q

Why are terrestrial fungal mycelia nearly always found within their food sources (underground, within wood, inside the bodies of dead organisms)?

A

their high surface area, which is so efficient for absorptive feeding, makes them prone to drying out

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36
Q

Biologists once considered sponges to be colonies of single-celled protists because sponge cells are able to reaggregate after being dissociated. What evidence may have helped them to realize that sponges are actually animals and not colonial protists?

A

they have extracellular matrix surrounding their cells

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37
Q

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition by ___

A

ingesting it

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38
Q

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates ___

A

have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue

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39
Q

You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is an acoelomate?

A

Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall

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40
Q

Biologists once hypothesized that animal limbs were not homologous. What changed their minds?

A

the discovery of the Dll gene is present and similarly expressed in a very wide variety of animals

41
Q

At which stage of a basidiomycete’s life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?

A

plasmogamy

42
Q

A cell has two haploid nuclei

A

dikaryotic

43
Q

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?

A

fungi help release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize

44
Q

Long, branching fungal filaments are called ___

A

hyphae

45
Q

What do biologists cite as the primary benefit of the evolution of a coelom in animals?

A

the hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion

46
Q

Due to its unusual habitat (inside the digestive tracts of other animals), the tapeworm lacks

A

a mouth and a digestive tract

47
Q

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also ___

A

is bilaterally symmetrical

48
Q

The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells?

A

endoderm

49
Q

Most fish deposit fertilized eggs, but some sharks keep the fertilized egg inside the female until she gives birth to a relatively well-developed pup. These sharks would be characterized as ___

A

ovoviviparous

50
Q

What do sporophytes produce?

A

spores

51
Q

T or F: All gymnosperms produce seeds.

A

true

52
Q

T or F: Ferns are among the first vascular plants to evolve

A

true

53
Q

The term “alternation of generations” refers to

A

the cycling between multicellular haploid and diploid stages of life

54
Q

T or F: The haploid phase in animals only exists as a gamete (multicellularity), while the diploid phase is always a single cell phase

A

false

55
Q

In plants, a gametophyte ___

A

is always haploid, produces gametes, is always multicellular

56
Q

What is the endosperm in angiosperms?

A

a triploid tissue

57
Q

Stamenopiles consists of two common photosynthetic groups

A

Diatoms and Phaeophyta

58
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of pollen?

A

fertilization does not require water

59
Q

Which of the following plant structures or processes was not an important adaptation specific to life on land?

A

photosynthesis

60
Q

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?

A

fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize

61
Q

All fungi are

A

heterotrophic

62
Q

Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is most plausible?

A

If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another.

63
Q

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source thereafter?

A

fungal enzymes

64
Q

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ___

A

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

65
Q

Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this ability?

A

this fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnessed for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose

66
Q

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

A

mutualistic

67
Q

What is the major difference between graph f and other plant species?

A

Bromus erectus is unaffected by AMF directly

68
Q

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently ___

A

results in heterokaryotic cells

69
Q

To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?

A

soredia

70
Q

Animal kingdom is ___

A

monophyletic

71
Q

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have ___

A

radial symmetry

72
Q

Endoderm is where on an earthworm body plan as a drinking straw within a pipe

A

lining the straw

73
Q

What would you expect to happen if researchers supplied an enzyme that blocked the expression of the Dll gene?

A

the developing embryo would have no appendages

74
Q

Which of the following would you use to label the horizontal axis?

A

number of choanocytes per sponge

75
Q

Sponges are most accurately described as

A

suspension feeders

76
Q

What feature of cnidarians most likely evolved simultaneously with the evolution of toxins?

A

a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult

77
Q

A radially symmetrical animal that has two embryonic tissue layers is?

A

cnidaria

78
Q

Which characteristic is shared by cnidarians and flatworms?

A

digestive system with a single opening

79
Q

Studies fertilized eggs and find that the blastophore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a coelom.

A

mollusc

80
Q

The heartworms that can accumulate within the heart of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong

A

nematoda

81
Q

Skeletal structures that are entirely or partly composed of calcium carbonate can be found in some members of the following

A

sponges, coral, molluscs, arthopods,

82
Q

An arthropod has all the following characteristics except A) protostome development. B) bilateral symmetry. C) a pseudocoelom. D) three embryonic germ layers. E) an open circulatory system.

A

C

83
Q

All of the following are characteristics of adult arthropods except A) an exoskeleton. B) hemolymph. C) jointed appendages. D) a heart. E) a coelom.

A

E

84
Q

Among the invertebrates, arthropods are unique in possessing A) a cuticle. B) a ventral nerve cord. C) open circulation. D) wings. E) segmented bodies.

A

D

85
Q

The presence or absence of mandibles can be used to distinguish between A) insects and centipedes. B) insects and crustaceans. C) insects and millipedes. D) insects and spiders. E) centipedes and millipedes.

A

D

86
Q

A shared derived characteristic for members of the arthropod subgroup that includes spiders would be the presence of A) chelicerae. B) an open circulatory system. C) an exoskeleton. D) a cuticle. E) a cephalothorax.

A

A

87
Q

You find a small animal with eight legs crawling up your bedroom wall. Closer examination will probably reveal that this animal has A) antennae. B) no antennae. C) chelicerae. D) A and C E) B and C

A

E

88
Q

Which of the following characteristics most likely explains why insects are so successful at dispersing to distant environments? A) hemocoel B) wings C) jointed appendages D) chewing mandibles E) internal fertilization

A

B

89
Q

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, tracheal system for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist would predict that its adults probably also would have A) eight legs. B) two pairs of antennae. C) a sessile lifestyle. D) an open circulatory system. E) parapodia.

A

D

90
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms? A) secondary radial symmetry B) spiral cleavage during early embryonic development C) gastrovascular cavity D) exoskeleton E) a lophophore

A

A

91
Q

What is true of echinoderms? A) They have an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates. B) Tube feet provide motility in most species. C) They have a pseudocoelom. D) Only A and B are true. E) A, B, and C are true.

A

D

92
Q

All of the following animal groups include terrestrial life forms except A) Mollusca. B) Crustacea. C) Echinodermata. D) Arthropoda. E) Annelida.

A

C

93
Q

In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. Which structure below would allow for the most certain identification? A) a mantle B) a heart C) a body cavity D) a lophophore E) eyes

A

A

94
Q

Protostomes that have an open circulatory system and an exoskeleton of chitin

A

arthropods

95
Q

protostomes with a unique drape of tissue that may secrete a shell

A

molluscs

96
Q

diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators

A

cnidaria

97
Q

deuterostomes that have an endoskeleton

A

enchinoderms

98
Q

protostomes that have a closed circulatory system and obvious segmentation

A

annelids

Life Science 1 (2 decks)

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