Second Half Of The Content Flashcards
1
Q
Drug use vs misuse vs abuse
A
Use - taking drugs properly & as intended
—>prescribed, correct dose, when needed
Misuse - using drugs in a way that is not intended
—> someone else’s prescription or wrong dose
Abuse - excessive use of a drug
—> excessive use is determined individually
2
Q
What is Addiction?
A
A persistent, compulsive dependence on a substance/behaviour
3
Q
What are a few Aspects that define addiction?
A
- excessive use of a substance or behaviour
- frequent incapacitation due to use
- gives up regular activities to use/engage in addiction
- continues use despite problems caused
- exhibits withdrawal if not using
4
Q
What is Tolerance?
A
Progressively larger dose is required to obtain desired effects
5
Q
What is Withdrawl?
A
It is experienced by individuals addicted to a drug/experience when they are not using the drug/behaviour
—> symptoms are generally the opposite of those experienced when using substance
6
Q
What are the 4 signs of Addiction & what are they?
A
1.) Compulsion - obsessive preoccupation with a substance & overwhelming need for it
2.) Loss of Control - inability to predict whether involvement with the substance will be healthy or damaging
3.) Negative Consequences - physical damage, legal trouble, financial ruin, relationship challenges, etc
4.) Denial - inability to see the problem
7
Q
Gambling:
- what is it?
- who does it more?
- what % experience this addiction in the past year?
A
- inability to control urge to gamble
- more men than women
- increasing amongst students
- 67% of households have experienced it in the past year
8
Q
Shopping:
- what is it?
- what can it lead to?
A
Excessive spending on purchases
- can lead to compulsive borrowing
9
Q
Exercise Addiction:
- what is it?
- what are some warning signs of this?
A
Exercise is a powerful mood enhancer & is an addiction when it is used in place of self-induced vomiting or if used compulsively
- Warning signs include:
- always workout alone, 2+ hours a day (even if sick), missing things to workout, obsessed with weight/nutrition
10
Q
Technology Addictions:
- what are they
- what % of students are on socials for 5+ hrs a day
A
Addiction to technology devices & social media platforms
- 16% of Canadian students spend 5+ hrs a day on social media
11
Q
What are a few common signs that a hobby has become an addiction?
A
- not eating
- neglecting physical & mental health
- prioritizing the addiction
- ## self isolation
12
Q
Caffeine Addiction:
- what is it?
- what are the common symptoms?
- how do you check if you’re addicted?
- what are the severe effects of this addiction?
A
- It’s brought on by excessive caffeine use
- Symptoms include - insomnia, irritability, anxiety, headaches, muscle twitches, etc
- Have no caffeine for 4 hours and if headaches occur than one has an addiction
- Severe effects occur if 10+ cups are consumed in 24hrs
- Severe effects include; ringing in ears, spots in eyes, numbness in limbs, etc
13
Q
Tobacco Addiction:
- what is it?
- how many people killed from it a year?
- what are a few percentage facts?
A
- It is heavy use of tobacco products such as cigarettes
- Kills about 5 Million people a year around the world
- Account for 17% of all deaths & 10% of hospital stays
- 85% start smoking before 16
14
Q
What are the old recommendations of alcohol consumption?
- Recs for low risk drinking?
- Recs for special occasion drinking?
-
A
Low Risk - no more than 10 a week & no more than 2 a day for women & no more than 15 a week & no more than 3 a day for men
Special Occasions - no more than 3 (women) or 4 (men) drinks per occasion & stay within weekly limits
15
Q
What is Binge Drinking?
A
It is drinking to become intoxicated (generally 4-5 drinks per occasion)
- Increases risk of death (injury, violence, heart disease, high BP, etc) & second hand effects (road crashes, child abuse, violence, etc)
16
Q
Alcohol & Pregnancy:
- can you drink when pregnant?
- what happens when pregnant & drinking?
- how long does it take for a drink to be out of one’s breast milk?
A
When pregnant or planning to be, there is NO safe dose of alcohol
- increases miscarriage chances
- hypertension occurs
- placental abnormalities
- FASD
Takes about 2 hours for 1 drink to be out of your milk
17
Q
What does FASD stand for?
A
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
18
Q
Alcohol Use & Youth:
A
- alcohol use is a leading behavioural risk factor for death & social issues
- most commonly used psychoactive substance
- ## often consumed as a form of binge drinking
19
Q
What are 5 types of cardiovascular diseases that alcohol is a risk factor for?
A
Heart disease:
1 - hypertension
2 - Heart failure
3 - high blood pressure
4 - atrial fibrillation
5 - hemorrhagic stroke
20
Q
What are 3 main health risk factors of consuming alcohol?
A
1 - Cancer
2 - Heart Disease
3 - Liver Disease
21
Q
Alcoholism - Biological & Family Factors
A
Alcoholism is 4-5x more common in children of alcoholics
22
Q
What are the 4 components influencing alcoholism?
A
1 - Biological Components
2 - Physiological Components
3 - Social & Cultural Components
4 - Environmental Components
23
Q
What is a Type I Alcoholic?
A
Make up 75% of alcoholics
- atleast 1 parent was an alcoholic
- were encouraged to drink
- conscious about others feelings & avoid harmful situations
24
Q
What is a type II alcoholic ?
A
Include men under 25 who’s dads were violent alcoholics
- don’t seek social approval, lack inhibition, & prone to novelty seeking actions
25
What is the average age Canadians start drinking?
12 years old
26
What are some Social/Cultural Factors of alcoholism?
- Peer Pressure
- Lowers stress, grief, & disappointment
- Social factors such as feeling like the weak link in the fam
-
27
How can you you manage an addiction?
1 - Intervention
- planned confrontation by significant others so that the Addict can see the destructive nature of their addiction
2 - Therapy
- Individual therapy where they can identify their feelings that their addictions have been medicating
- Group therapy where they learn to be honest with self & others
- Family therapy helps entire family recover
28
What is the 12-step Therapy Model of Addiction?
A peer support group modelled to be like an Alcoholics Anonymous program for addicts & their families
- focus’s on honest acknowledgment of shortcomings & mutual support
29
What are Chronic Diseases?
Diseases that are persistent & generally slow in progression
- can be treated but not cured
- they are most costly but most preventable
30
What are 2 other ways of saying “chronic diseases”
Non-communicable Diseases
Or
NCD’s
31
What is Epidemiology?
Study of the distribution & determinants of health-related events & the application of the studies to control the problem
32
What are the determinants of health diseases?
Determinants are the causes & other factors that influence disease occurrence
33
What health problems/events are studied in epidemiology?
1 - environmental exposures
2 - infectious diseases
3 - injuries
4 - non-infectious diseases
5 - natural disasters
6 - terrorism
34
Where can epidemiological data be collected?
- medical/hospital records
- physicians records
- health insurers
- provinces & registries
- individuals
- interviews & surveys
35
What does “incidence” mean when measuring disease occurrence?
It is a measure of risk
The # of new cases occurring in a specified time period within an at risk population
36
How can incidence be calculated?
Number of new cases divided by population at risk
37
What does “prevalence” mean when measuring disease occurrence?
- one point about it
It is the # of affected people present in the population at a given time
- doesn’t determine when disease developed
38
What is a Risk Factor?
A characteristic more common among people who have a particular disease than those who don’t
- increased likelihood of something developing
39
What are the 3 types of risk factors?
1: Modifiable - risk factors that can be changed
2: Non-Modifiable - risk factors you can’t change
3: “Other” - varying factors leading to disease
40
What are Intermediate Conditions?
- are they risk factors?
- what are 4 examples
They’re also considered risk factors as they are above normal health measurements such as;
- Hypertension
- Obesity
- Dyslipidemia
- Elevated blood glucose levels
41
What are Disease Endpoints?
- what area few examples?
Diagnosis of disease & significant events
- cardiovascular disease
- cancer
- Type 2 diabetes
42
Cancer
- what is it?
Uncontrolled, abnormal growth & spread of cells that invades healthy tissues
43
Diabetes:
- what is it?
- what are it’s 4 types?
High blood glucose levels caused by issue secreting insulin or defect in insulin sensitivity
- Per-diabetes
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Gestational
44
Cardiovascular Disease:
- what is it?
- what are a few different types with examples?
Any problem with blood circulation it the heart, brain, organs, or limbs
- Blood vessel constriction (hypertension)
- Blood vessel blockage (atherosclerosis)
- Lack of blood flow to organs (heart attack & stroke)
- Blood vessel rupture (aneurism)
45
What is obesity?
Excess or abnormal body fat that has a negative impact on health
46
What common illnesses/diseases are associated with obesity?
- hypertension
- stroke
- type 2 diabetes
- cancers
47
What does BMI stand for?
Body Mass Index
48
What is the waist circumference size showing one is obese?
- how big for men?
- how big for women?
Men - greater or equal to 40inches (120cm)
Women - greater or equal to 35inches (88cm)
49
Smoking:
- how many cancers is it linked to?
- what are some negative side effect for this with diabetes?
Linked to 16 different cancers - mostly lung cancer
Increases risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Worsens diabetes by altering blood glucose levels, infections, & kidney & nervous diseases
50
What are 2 main things that can increase due to physical inactivity?
Increased risk of chronic disease & increased tendency to be overweight/obese
51
Physical activity & its relation to cancer:
- what 2 cancers does it reduce the risk of?
-
Physical Activity reduces risk of breast & colon cancers by regulating hormones & transit times of food in the intestine
- more intense & longer PA decreases cancer risk more
52
What are the reasons for being physically active as someone with Pyle 2 diabetes?
- what is the weekly goal for physical activity?
- Blood glucose levels decrease
- decreases tendency for obesity
- improves circulation
- 30mins for 5 days a week (moderate intensity)
53
Screening:
- what is it & what does it do?
Screening for risk or early signs can reduce the incidence & mortality through lifestyle changes, drug therapy, & surgery
54
What are a few examples of screening for…
- cancer?
- Cardiovascular Disease?
- Diabetes?
Cancer - self exams, mammograms, Pap test, colonoscopy
CVD - BP checks & blood lipids (cholesterol)
Diabetes - checking blood glucose levels
55
Define “Overweight”
Weight that i greater than expected for a specific height
56
Define “Obesity”
An accumulation of body fat associated with health risk
57
What are the 2 types of body fat?
Essential & Storage
58
What is the purpose of essential body fat?
- what % of weight is it in men & women
Needed for psychological function
3-7% of weight in men & 10-25% of weight in women
59
What are a few examples of INDIRECT methods for assessing body fat?
Underwater weighing, skin folds, Bod Pod, & bio electric impedance analysis (BIA)
60
What are fat cells also called & what are 2 factors that determine degrees of fatness?
Also called adipocytes & degree of fatness is determined by size & number of fat cells
61
What are the 2 ways fat is increased in the body?
- what are they
1.) Hyperplasia - new fat cells form
2.) Hypertrophy - size of existing cells increases
62
What are the 2 critical stages of Hyperplasia?
1.) Infancy
2.) Adolescence growth spurt
** once formed, fat cells are yours for life
63
What is the Critical Stage of Hypertrophy?
Anytime!
64
What are the 3 key risk factors for obesity?
1 - if you’re a child of obese parents (1 parent = 40% & both = 80%)
2 - Genetic Predisposition
3 - Obesity genes
65
What are a few hormone/endocrine influences for obesity?
1 - Ghrelin levels rise to signal hunger
2 - Leptin levels rise to signal fullness/satiety
3 - GLP-1 levels rise & suppresses appetite
66
What does BMR stand for & what is it?
Basal Metabolic Rate
- energy expenditure of the body when at rest
67
What are a few influencing factors of ones BMR?
- Age
- Body composition
- Self-Protective mecahnisms
68
What does the “set-point theory” state?
The body has a weight at which it is most comfortable
69
What is Body Image?
How you see yourself & your appearance
- how comfortable one is with their body
70
Negative vs Positive Body Image
Negative - distorted perception/feelings of discomfort, shame, & anxiety
Positive - true perception of appearance, accepts self, & celebrates uniqueness
71
What are a few key factors influencing Body image?
Media, Family, Cultural groups, Communities, Physiological & Psychological factors, etc
72
What is the “Fitspiration” Movement?
Social media posts & influencers who are meant to motivate people to be “healthy” are always exercising, eating well, taking care of bodies & thin
73
What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)?
An obsessive concern with appearance (distorted view), perceived lack of muscle, facial blemishes, etc
- may use steroids, excessive body building, & cosmetic surgery
74
What is Social Physique Anxiety (SPA)?
Anxiety experienced at perceives a valuation of your body by others
- One my spend too much time fixation on body, working out, performing ego-centred activities
75
What is Disordered Eating?
- Atypical eating behaviours to achieve lower weight but not clinically diagnosed
76
What are a few common behaviours of disordered eating?
- Habitual or chronic restrained eating
- compulsive eating
- diet pills & laxatives
- hunger & satiety are ignored
77
What are Eating Disorders?
Serious disturbance in eating behaviour & unhealthy efforts to control body fat & weight
- unrealistic views on body weight & shape
- relates to low self-esteem
-
78
How many Canadians have diagnosed eating disorders?
Approximately 1million
79
what is Anorexia Nervosa?
Persistent, chronic eating disorder characterized by deliberate food restriction & severe life threatening weight lodd
80
What are a few criteria’s for Anorexia Nervosa?
- refusal to maintain normal body weight
- intense fear of gaining weight
- denial of seriousness of current low body weight
81
What are a few physical & mental Consequences of Anorexia Nervosa?
- altered levels of neurotransmitters causing depression, anxiety, lack of sleep, fainting, etc
- thinned hair & brittle nails
- iron & electrolyte levels dangerously low
- decreased immune system
- constipation, abdominal pain, bloating
- loss of muscle tissue & bone density
82
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
Binge eating then purging such as self induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, etc
- includes fasting & excessive exercise
- occurs in secrecy
83
What are some criteria for those with Bulimia Nervosa?
Recurrent episodes of binging & purging at least once a week for 3 months
- body weight & shape unduly influence self-evaluation
84
What are some mental & physical consequences of Bulimia?
- inflamed throat & glands in neck, face, & jaw
- depression, anxiety’s, dizziness, seizures, etc
- ruptured or enlarged stomach & ulcers/bleeding
- dehydration & kidney malfunction
85
What is binge eating disorder (BED)?
Recurrent binge eating episodes but no purging
- generally no abnormal dieting or body image attitudes
86
What are a few criteria’s for Binge eating disorders?
Recurrent episodes of binge eating associated with 3+ of the following:
- (1) eating more rapidly than normal; (2)eating until
uncomfortably full; (3) eating large amounts when not hungry; (4) eating alone because embarrassed of how much food is consumed; (5) feeling disgusted with oneself after over-eating
87
What are Eating Disorder Not Other Specified (ED-NOS)?
- what are some common behaviours?
Unclear diagnosis of eating & body image issues
- Common behaviours include; purging after normal eating, chewing repeatedly then spitting out, irregular binge eating & purging
88
What is Anorexia Athletica?
- what is it?
- what are a few symptoms?
Compulsive exercising to control weight (not a recognized diagnosis)
Symptoms Include;
- over-exercising
- using work, social, or school time to exercise
- focus on calorie burning
- Justifying excessive behaviours by insisting the
exercise behaviours are healthy
89
What does RED-S stand for?
- what is it & when does it occur?
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sports
- occurs when body consistently has a deficit in available energy
90
What are some Physical & Psychological symptoms of RED-S?
- No period (amenorrhea)
- stress fractures & overuse injuries
- significant weight loss
- anxiety/depression
- claims of being fat when thin
- difficulty concentrating
91
Who typically develops an eating disorder?
Men & women but mostly women
- athletes under pressure to maintain ideal body weight for performance
92
What are a few warning signs of an eating disorder?
- desire for weight loss when normal weight already
- sudden weight loss
- skipping of lunches/meals or snacks
- change in personality & social interactions
- frequent bathroom breaks
- complaints of feeling cold, hair loss, lack of concentration, & mood swings
- loss of menstrual cycle
93
What are 5 key aspects to help[ing someone with an eating disorder?
- Be patient
- Be knowledgeable
- Be compassionate & encouraging
- Be nonjudgmental
- Do not take on role of the therapist
94
What are the 2 phases of sleep?
Rapid & Non-Rapid Eye Movement
95
What is the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Phase of sleep?
Eyes twitch, brain is active, dreams occur, & muscles are limp to prevent acting out dreams
96
What is the Non-Rapid Eye Movement Phase of sleep?
- what are the 3 stages?
Stage 1) Transition between wakeful & sleep
Stage 2) Actually asleep
Stage 3) deep sleep or slow wave sleep
97
Sleep Deprivation vs Deficiency
Deprivation - not getting enough sleep
Deficiency - sleeping at wrong time, not enough sleep, not getting proper type of sleep, sleeping disorders, etc
98
Sleep Deficiency:
- 1 in how many adults have this?
- what % of adults sleep when not trying to?
- what diseases and health issues is this related to?
- 1 in 3 adults have reduced sleep & quality
- 40% of adults report falling asleep during day unintentionally
- linked to heart & kidney disease, high BP, strokes, etc
99
How much sleep do newborns up to 12months need?
12 to 16 hours a day (including naps)
100
How much sleep do children ages 1-2 need?
11-14 hours a day (including naps)
101
How much sleep do children ages 3-5 need a day?
10-13 hours a day (including naps)
102
How much sleep do children ages 6-12 need a day?
9-12 hours
103
How much sleep do teenagers ages 13-18 need a day?
8-10 hours
104
How much sleep do adults ages 18+ need a day?
7-8 hours
105
What are a few physical health benefits of sleep?
- heals & repairs heart & blood vessels
- helps balance hormones
- supports healthy growth & development
- affects ability to fight germs & sickness
106
Mental Health Benefits of sleep
- helps brain function by creating new pathways to learn & remember through
- improves ability to focus, make decisions, & be creative
107
What are som problems that rise in children/teens who are sleep deficient?
- depressed & lack of motivation
- problems being collaborative
Angry & impulsive
- mood swings
- issues focussing & paying attention
108
What are a few examples of healthy sleeping habits?
- going to bed and waking up at same time each day
- maintaining same sleep schedule for weekends & weekdays
- not eating for a few hours before sleeping
- keep bedroom quiet, cool & dark
109
Cardiovascular Disease:
- what is it?
- a few facts about it and heart disease
- 2nd most leading cause of death in Canada
- every 5 mins, heart disease & strokes take a life
- 80% of premature heart diseases are preventable
- mortality rates are decreasing
110
What 3 parts of the body compose The Cardiovascular System?
1 - heart
2 - lungs
3 - blood vessels
111
What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?
1) Transports oxygen, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, & enzymes
2) Regulates body temp, water levels, & acidity levels within the body
112
The Heart:
- what are the 4 chambers?
- what are the roles of the ventricles?
- what is the role of the sinoatrial node?
Chambers - R&L ventricles & R&L atria
- L Ventricle - pumps blood through the entire body
- R Ventricle - pumps blood to lungs
Sinoatrial Node - natural pacemaker of the body
113
What happens to the vessels during blood redistribution
- at rest?
- during exercise?
At Rest:
- 15% of blood to muscles
- 50% of blood to liver & kidneys
During Training:
- 80-85% of blood to muscles
- blood flow reduced to kidneys, liver, intestines, & stomach
114
What are Cardiovascular Diseases?
- what are some examples?
Any diseases of the heart & blood vessels
- Coronary artery disease
- Hypertension
- Stroke
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Valvular heart disease
- Congenital heart disease
- Congestive heart failure
- Peripheral vascular disease
115
What is Arteriosclerosis?
Arterial wall thickening & loss of elasticity
116
What is Atheroscerosis?
A type of arteriosclerosis
- plaque that blocks the passage of blood through a vessel
117
What is Coronary Heart Disease?
Insufficient supply of blood to heart cells, resulting in ischemia
118
What is a Myocardial Infarction (MI)?
Heart Attack
- insufficient oxygen transport to heart due to insufficient supply of bod to region of heart
119
What are the 6 common warning signs of a Heart Attack?
1 - chest discomfort
2 - sweating
3 - upper body discomfort
4 - nausea
5 - shortness of breath
6 - light headedness
120
What is another name for a stroke?
Cerebrovascular Accident
121
What is a stroke?
Occurs when blood supply to brain is interrupted
122
What are the 2 main types of strokes?
- what percentage of all strokes are each of them?
-
Ischemic Strokes: 80%
Hemorrhagic Stroke: 20%
123
What is an Ischemic Stroke?
- what are it’s subtypes?
Makes up 80% of all strokes
- Thrombus (from blood clot)
- Embolus (wandering clot)
124
What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA’s)?
A “mini-stroke” as it is brief interruption in blood flow to the brain
125
What are Hemorrhagic Strokes?
- what are it’s subtypes?
Makes up 20% of all stroke cases
- Aneurysm (weakening in blood vessel, causing a bulge or burst)
- Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM’s) (malformation of brain blood vessels typically from births that causes weak artery walls & an increased risk of stroke)
126
What are the 5 most common warning signs of a stroke?
1 - weakness
2 - trouble speaking
3 - vision problems
4 - headache
5 - dizziness
127
What doles the acronym F.A.S.T stand for when discussing strokes?
F - face (drooping or numb?)
A - arms (can they raise?)
S - speech (slurring of speech?)
T - time (call 911 immediately & take aspirin)
128
Blood Pressure:
- importance
- 2 components of BP & what they are
B.P is an important measure of cardiac function
2 components include:
- Diastole (pressure on artery walls during heart relaxation)
- Systole (pressure on artery walls during heart contraction)
129
What is Hypertension?
A CVD & risk factor for CAD & stroke
130
What is Hypertension commonly referred to as?
“The silent killer”
131
What are a few risk factors for Cardiovascular disease?
- increasing age & family history
- physical inactivity & obesity
- recreational drug use & smoking
- stress
- hypertension
- diabetes
132
What are some treatments for CVD?
1 - Medication
- diuretics & beta blockers to lower BP
- “statins” to loser cholesterol
- Aspirin as an Anti-platelet
2 - surgical operations
- Bypass Grafting
- Thrombolytics
133
What are the SIMPLE 7 keys to CVD prevention?
1 - Don’t smoke
2 - Stay active
3 - Weight management
4 - Eating healthy
5 - Managing blood pressure
6 - Managing blood glucose levels
7 - Managing cholesterol levels
134
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
- is it preventable?
Autoimmune disorder where pancreas doesn’t produce insulin, resulting in hyperglycaemia & is NOT preventable
135
What is hyperglycaemia?
High blood glucose levels
136
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
- is it preventable?
-
Metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia & glycosuria
- occurs as pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or body does not effectively use to
- IS preventable
137
What is Glycosuria?
Glucose in the urine
138
What is Gestational Diabetes?
Occurs during pregnancy when a women becomes glucose intolerant
- after pregnancy, glucose levels return to normal
139
What are a few risk factors of gestational diabetes?
- Obesity
- More likely if 35+
- Ethnicity
- Previous Gestational Diabetes
140
What is Pre-Diabetes?
When blood glucose levels are near the levels of diabetes (>7.0 molecules/L)
- increased risk of developing T2D
141
How many canadians have diabetes?
- how many of those are pre-diabetic?
- how many canadians are effected (1 in…)
Approx 11million
- 6million of which are pre-diabetic
- 1 in 3 Canadians are diabetic
142
What are a few risk factors for developing Type 2 Diabetes?
- age
- diet & physical activity
- obesity (abdominal)
- ethnicity & family background
143
Insulin:
- purpose
- how it works
- what happens if it is lacking
Hormone allowing the body to use & store glucose
- inability to move glucose into a cell occurs when there is insufficient insulin or lack of glucose transporter in the body
144
What are a few common symptoms of Diabetes?
1 - thirst
2 - excessive urination
3 - weight loss
4 - fatigue
5 - nerve damage
6 - blurred vision
7 - poor wound heeling & increased infections
145
What are 4 Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes?
1. Coronary heart disease
2. Hypertension
3. Cerebrovascular disease
4. Peripheral vascular disease
146
What are 3 Microvascular Complications of Diabetes?
1. Retinopathy
2. Neuropathy
3. Nephropathy
147
What are 3 preventions/treatments for diabetes?
1. Lifestyle - diet & activity
2. Oral medication
3. Insulin
148
What is Cancer?
A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth & spread of abnormal cells
149
What does Neoplasm mean?
Growth of new tissue serving no physiological function
150
What is a tumor?
A Neoplastic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
151
Benign vs malignant tumors
Benign - non-cancerous
Malignant - cancerous
152
What is a Biopsy?
Microscopic exam of tissue
153
What does metastasis mean?
Cancer spreading from one part of the body to another
154
How many types of cancer are there?
More than 100
155
What is a carcinoma?
- where do they begin?
- what 2 systems is this spread through?
Solid tumor
- begins in skin or in tissues that cover internal organs
- spread through lymphatic & circulatory systems
156
What are the most common sites for cancer?
Skin or tissues that cover/line internal organs
157
What is a sarcoma?
- where does the tumor begin?
Begins in connective or supportive tissues
- solid tumor forming
158
Sarcomas compared to Carcinomas:
Sarcomas are less common but more severe than carcinomas
159
What is a melanoma?
Begins in melanocytes (cells that form melanin)
- solid tumor forming
160
What is Leukemia?
- type of cancer
- where it starts
- what they do
Starts in blood stem cells
- crowds out normal blood cells
- non-solid tumor forming
161
What is Lymphoma?
- type of cancer
- where it starts
- how it’s spread
- what they do
Type of blood cancer beginning in lymphocytes (fight infection)
- spread through lymph system
- solid tumor forming
162
What is Multiple Myeloma?
- type of cancer
- where it starts
- what they do
Blood cancer beginning in the plasma cells (white blood cell that makes antibodies)
- build in bone marrow
- solid tumor forming
163
What is the #1 leading cause of death in Canada?
Cancer
164
What are a few causes of cancer?
Oncogenes - genes that are dormant but may be activated by things like age, stress, viruses, etc
Carcinogens - cancer causing agents like radiation, chemicals, drugs, toxins, etc
165
What are a few risk factors of cancer?
Strong assosciation to lifestyle behaviours
- obesity & lack of activity
- tobacco use
- chemical carcinogens
- environment
- infections
- alcohol use
166
What are the 3 types of UV (ultraviolet) rays?
UVA - most of sun’s natural light (causes wrinkles & aging)
UVB - nearly 1000 times stronger than UVA’s (main cause of sunburns)
UVC - never reach earth’s surface as they’re filtered out by atmosphere
167
What are some occupational & environmental factors influencing cancer?
- Construction
- insulation
- auto painting
- farming
- Service industry
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What are a few diagnostics for cancer?
1. Physicals
2. Blood tests
3. Tests of fluid & stool
4. Imaging techniques
5. Endoscopy
6. Cytological studies
7. Biopsies
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What are the 7 warning signs of cancer?
- uses acronym CAUTION
C - Change in bowl or bladder habits
A - a sore that doesn’t heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - thickening or lump
I - indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O - Obvious change in a wart or mole
N - Nagging cough or hoarseness
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What are the 4 main treatments of cancer?
1. Surgery
2. Chemotherapy
3. Radiation
4. Brachytherapy
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Surgery as a cancer treatment
It is the oldest & most successful approach
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What is Chemotherapy as a cancer treatment?
A systemic treatment where the whole body is treated
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What is radiation as a cancer treatment?
A localized treatment that damages the genetic structure of cells so they cannot grow or divide
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What is brachytherapy?
sealed radioactive “seeds” used to deliver radiation directly to the cancerous cells
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What does Endemic mean?
A disease that appears at a rate that exceeds what is normally expected
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What is an epidemic?
Diseases generally/constantly found among people in a particular area
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What is an endodemic?
Worldwide spread if an epidemic
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What are infectious diseases?
Diseases that are caused by Pathogens
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How are infectious diseases caused?
1. Direct or indirect contact
2. Airborne, waterborne, or food borne transmission
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What are the 2 most common pathogens?
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
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What is bacteria?
A single-called organism that reproduce on their own
- typically treated with antibiotics
Examples:
- straphylococcal
- Streptococcal (strep throat)
- pneumonia
- tuberculosis
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What are viruses as pathogens?
Smallest pathogens that cannot reproduce on own
Examples
- cold, flu, mono, mumps, chicken pox, etc
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How is the common cold transmitted?
Airborne droplets, mucous membranes, skin, etc
** hands are the greatest source of transmission
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How is the influenza transmitted?
Coughing, sneezing, contaminated surfaces, & hands
185
How are chicken pox transmitted?
Saliva & nasal/blister fluid
186
What is Innate Immunity as a defence mechanism to Infectious Diseases?
The first line of defence
- enzymes change pH levels, elevates body temp, & secretions occur at body entrances
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What is Adaptive Immunity?
It is a defence mechanism to Infectious Diseases that requires exposure
188
Antigens vs Antibodies
Antigens - trigger an immune response to an I.D
Antibodies - secreted by B cells in response to an antigen where it attaches & helps destroy/inactivate the I.D
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What is Cell Mediated Immunity?
It is a defence mechanism where lymphocytes attack & destroy invading cells
- Uses 4 main types of T-cells
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What are the 4 main types of T-Cells & their functions?
1. Regulatory T-Cells: directs immune system & help other cells
- activate T-cells, B-cells, & macrophages
2. Cytoxan T-Cells: directly attack the I.D cells
3. Suppressor T-Cells: turn off T & B Cells
4. Memory B&T-Cells: kept for subsequent exposure
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Fevers:
- how are they caused?
- what is it’s role?
- what does it stimulate?
Caused by toxins that are released from pathogens
Slight elevation is a form of protection (anything above normal of 37degrees)
Stimulates white blood cell production
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Pain as a defence mechanism:
- 2 types
Usually a response to injury & is one of the first warning signs
Can be direct or indirect
May be accompanied by inflammation
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Vaccinations:
- purposes
- 2 types of antigens
1. Way to fight disease
2. Synesthetic or weakened antigens
3. Stimulates immune response
4. Provides protection against I.Ds in order to prevent illness & severe complications of these diseases
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What are STI’s?
- how many types?
- what is the most common one in Canada?
Sexually Transmitted Infections
- approximately 20
- Chlamydia is most common bacterial STI in Canada
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What are the main modes of transmission of STI’s?
1. Sexual Contact:
- vaginal/anal intercourse
- oral or hand contact to genitals
- mouth to mouth contact
- fluids from body sores
2. Other forms of contact such as towels & sheets
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What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
197
What does AIDS stand for?
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
198
What are a few HIV/AIDS facts?
36.9million living with this in Canada
14% unaware they have HIV
52% from men having sex with men
199
What are the modes of transmission of HIV?
1. Body fluids (semen, vaginal seccretions, blood)
2. Mother to child (pregnancy or birth)
200
What is HIV?
- when does it appear?
- when does HIV turn into AIDS?
- how is it treated?
May take months to years to see symptoms
It infects immune cells, especially T-lymphocyte cells (CD4 cells)
HIV becomes AIDS when immune system is severely damaged (CD4 count less than 200cells/mm3)
Treated with anti-retroviral therapy
201
What are 3 important development factors in childhood?
1. Physical development
2. Cognitive development
3. Emotional development
202
What are the benefits of physical activity on Prenatal Health?
1. Reduces risk of depressing, diabetes, & High BP
2. Increases relaxation & mood and decreases stress
3. Allows appropriate weight gain
4. Helps with sleep
5. Increases muscle tone, strength, & endurance which are helpful for childbirth
203
What are the 5 main recommendations for physical activity in pregnant women?
1. 150mins of moderate intensity activity per week
2. Activity should accumulate over a minimum of 3 days a week, but it is encouraged to be active everyday
3. Greater benefits when doing aerobic & resistance training
4. Pelvic floor training exercises daily will help reduce risk of urinary incontinence
5. Avoid laying flat on back if pain, nausea, or dizziness occurs during exercise
204
What are some key aspects of nutrition in pregnant women?
1. Eat foods form varying sources & fruits/veg everyday
2. Consume lots of folic acid (B-vitamin) as it helps prevent neural tube defects
3. Increase caloric requirement in the 2nd & 3rd trimesters
205
What are neural tube defects (NTD’s) in an infant?
They are defects in a baby’s spine, brain, or skull
206
What happens if alcohol is consumed while pregnant?
Risk of baby being born with Fetal Alccohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
- there is NO safe amount of alcohol to be drunk during pregnancy
207
What are the risks of smoking when pregnant?
- contaminated oxygen & nutrients to the baby
- increased risk of low birth weight & health problems
208
What is Postpartum Depression?
Depression occurring anytime in the first year after birth
- includes; thoughts of hurting baby or self, & not having interest in the baby
- should be treated by a dr
209
Post Natal growth & development:
- what are the main stages of developing as an individual?
1. Infancy
2. Childhood
3. Adolescence
4. Emerging adulthood
5. Adulthood
6. Older adulthood
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What are some common factors that affect growth & development?
1. Heredity (genetics & influenced by environment)
2. Nutrition (breastfeeding, vitamin D, over/under nutrition)
3. Physical Activity (physical, social, & intellectual health)
4. Socioeconomic Status (income, education, healthcare, etc)
211
What is Gerontology?
The study of aging
212
What is chronological age?
The legal age of an individual & is the number of years a person has been alive for
213
What is one way to define age based on being “old”?
1. Young-Old (60-69yo)
2. Middle-Old (70-79yo)
3. Old-Old (80-89yo)
4. Oldest-Old (90+ yo)
214
What are 4 ways to determine ones age:
- Biological Age
- Functional Age
- Psychological Age
- Social Age
Biological Age - relative age/condition of a personal organs & body systems
Functional Age - ways people compare to others of a similar age
Psychological Age - reflects on adaptive capacities, mental, & cognitive ability’s
Social Age - based on a persons habits/roles related to societal expectations
215
Primary vs Secondary Aging
Primary Aging are the natural changes that occur without disease or environmental influences
Secondary Aging is the development of clinical symptoms due to diseases & environmental influences
216
What is the cellular theory of aging?
Explains that cells have a genetic limit to the # of times they’ll divide, this is called the hayflick limit
217
What is the autoimmune theory of aging?
States that aging is closely related to declines in the immune system, resulting from too much stress & a poor lifestyle
218
What is the genetic mutation theory of Aging?
States that aging is due to the DNA mutation increase with age
219
What is the developmental theory of aging?
States that: Attitudes, behaviors and beliefs related to maladjustments in old age are a result of problems earlier in life
220
What is dementia?
- what is the most common form of this?
- why does this happen?
Progressive brain impairments that interfere with memory & normal intellectual functioning
- Alzheimer’s is the most common type
- happens as you age due to nerve cells in brain not communicating with each other properly & eventually dying
221
What are the components of a built environment?
1. Homes & neighbourhoods
2. Schools
3. Parks & recreational areas
4. Roads & transportation routes
222
What are a few benefits of having a healthy built environment?
1. Promotes physical activity, healthy eating, & safety
2. Encourages social connections
3. Improves air, water, & soil quality
4. Provides access to natural green spaces
5. Ensures good and equal opportunities to all
223
What are a few examples of a poor built environment?
1. Lack of fresh food & clean water
2. Lack of physical activity opportunities
3. Poor air quality
4. Unsafe communities and transportation routes
224
What are some results of a poor built environment?
1. Increased stress, anxiety, & depression
2. Higher mortality rates
3. Increased risks for chronic diseases
225
Air pollution:
- how many deaths result from this?
- what are some air pollutants?
Air pollution causes about 1.3million yearly deaths
- Burning things such as fossil fuels causes the most pollution
- other pollutants include: carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, head, hydrocarbons, etc
226
What is smog?
Brownish-yellow haze resulting from hydrocarbons & nitrogen oxides
227
Short term consequences of smog vs long term consequences
Short Term - difficulty breathing, burning eyes, headaches, coughing, nausea, etc
Long Term - serious health risks, accelerated aging of lungs, hindered immune system, etc
228
What things add to water pollution?
1. Septic systems
2. Landfills
3. Gasoline & petroleum products
4. Pesticides & chemical contaminants
229
What are a few things you can do to help prevent/minimize water pollution?
1. Pick up litter
2. Not fertilizing grass before rainfall
3. Don’t blow leaves into street as they clog storm drains
4. Wash cars where the soapy water drains into gravel or grassy areas rather than into the street
230
What are hazardous waste products?
Waste that has properties making them capable of harming humans Health or the environment
