second half of final exam Flashcards
1
Q
3 functions of the cardiovascular system
A
Supplies muscles and organs with O2 and nutrients
Removes metabolic by-products from tissues
Critical for performance
Enhanced by training
2
Q
what are the 3 layers of the heart?
A
- endocardium
- myocardium
- epicardium
3
Q
function of the endocardium
A
(within)
- Lines heart chambers
- Allows smooth blood flow
4
Q
function of the myocardium
A
(middle)
- Thick and muscular
- Pumps blood
- Heart muscle itself
5
Q
function of the epicardium
A
(upon)
- Thin
- Protection
6
Q
function of the pericardium
A
(around) -Protective sac containing pericardial fluid (reduces friction) -Loosely surrounds heart -Reduces friction
7
Q
function of the ventricles
A
pump blood to the body
8
Q
function of the right ventricle
A
-Deoxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary artery
9
Q
function of the left ventricle
A
-Oxygenated blood to body via aorta
10
Q
function of the atria
A
pumps blood into ventricles
11
Q
function of the right atrium
A
-Deoxygenated blood from body via superior/inferior vena cava
12
Q
function of the left atrium
A
- Oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary vein
- Only vein that carries oxygenated blood
13
Q
function of semilunar valves
A
- Open when ventricles contract to direct blood flow into arteries
- Close when ventricles relax to prevent backflow of blood
14
Q
what are the 2 semilunar valves?
A
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
15
Q
function of the pulmonary valve
A
connects the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
16
Q
function of the aortic valve
A
connects the left ventricle to the aorta
17
Q
what is the function of the atrioventricular valves
A
- Open when atria contract to direct blood flow into ventricles
- Close when atria relax to prevent backflow
18
Q
what are the 2 different atrioventricular valves?
A
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid / mitral valve
19
Q
function of the tricuspid valve
A
connects the right atrium to the right ventricle
20
Q
function of the bicuspid/mitral valve
A
connects the left atrium to the left ventricle
21
Q
what is the sinus node (sinoatrial node)
A
Bundle of nerve fibres that control heart rate
Called the “pacemaker of the heart”
22
Q
where is the sinus node located?
A
Located inside right atrium wall
23
Q
what is the function of the sinus node?
A
Generate a nerve impulse (action potential)
Cause muscle walls to contract
Atria 1st, ventricles 2nd
24
Q
what are the 2 components of blood pressure?
A
- systolic blood pressure
- diastolic blood pressure
25
systolic blood pressure
- During ventricular contraction (systole)
- How hard the heart works
- Strain against arterial walls during contraction
26
what is normal for systolic bp
120 mm Hg
27
diastolic blood pressure
- During heart relaxation (diastole)
- Indicates peripheral BP (outside the heart)
- Ease with which blood flows from arterioles to capillaries
28
what is normal for diastolic bp
70-80 mm Hg
29
cardiac output
- The amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute
| - Representative of the quantity of blood flowing to peripheral circulation
30
stroke volume
- Amount of blood (ml) pumped out of left ventricle per heartbeat
- Resting: 70 ml
31
define heart rate. What is considered resting heart rate and what is considered the max heart rate?
-Rhythmical contraction of the heart walls (beats per minute, bpm)
Resting: 40-70 bpm
Maximum: 220 – age (years)
32
what are the 3 functions of the peripheral circulatory system?
Consists of blood vessels made up of layers of tissue
Smooth muscle cell layer allow vessels to contact
This regulates blood flow throughout the body
33
Arteries carry blood _____ from the heart while
| veins carry blood _____ the heart
away, towards
34
Small vessels that branch from arteries
arterioles
35
capillaries
Tiny vessels that branch from arterioles
| Allow O2 and nutrient exchange; waste and CO2 removal
36
Small vessels that branch from veins
venules
37
what are the 4 components of blood?
plasma, platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells
38
1) infection fighting cells (leukocyte)=?
2) transport fluid=?
3) oxygen-carrying cells (erythrocyte)=?
4) clot-forming component=?
association: red blood cells, plasma, platelets, white blood cells
1) white blood cells
2) plasma
3) red blood cells
4) platelets
39
Most abundant cell type in blood
red blood cells
40
what do we call the percentage of blood made up of RBCs (usually 45% of blood volume)
hematocrit
41
Protein and iron molecule inside RBCs that binds to up to four O2
hemoglobin
42
partial pressure of O2
```
Determines hemoglobin-oxygen binding
High pressure (e.g., lungs): O2 binds
Low pressure (e.g., muscle): O2 unbinds
```
43
arterial-venous oxygen difference
Difference between O2 level in blood leaving and returning to the lungs
Measure of O2 being used by the body tissues
Rest: 4-5 ml O2 /decilitre blood
Exercise: 15 ml O2 /decilitre blood
44
reticulocytes
Immature RBCs with more hemoglobin
Produced in bone marrow (red marrow of large bones)
Tightly controlled with a hormone erythropoietin (EPO) produced by the kidneys
45
order of transport of CO2
tissues, blood, lungs, then air
46
the transport of CO2 is useful for what?
Helps regulate body’s:
- Ionic equilibrium (chloride shift)
- pH balance (bicarbonate)
47
explain the 3 different ways CO2 is transported to the lungs
1) 10% is dissolved in plasma
2) 20% is combined with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
3) 70% binds with hemoglobin and is then transported in plasma
48
what are the 2 factors affecting O2 delivery and uptake?
1) central component: amount of O2 delivered by the cardiovascular system
2) peripheral component: amount of O2 extracted by skeletal muscles
49
factors affecting O2 delivery
1) Cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute (into the aorta)
Determines O2 volume delivered to tissues
2) Hematocrit
Concentration of red blood cells
Determines amount of O2 per a volume of blood
50
factors affecting O2 uptake
1) O2 extraction
Ability of tissues to extract O2
Affected by mitochondria number and enzyme efficiency
2) Capillarization
Number of capillaries in tissue
Affects the ability of cardiovascular system to place RBCs close to the working tissues
51
3 main functions of the respiratory system
Delivers oxygenated air to blood
Removes CO2 from blood
Regulates acid-base balance
52
what are the 2 zones within the lungs and what are their function?
Conduction zone: filters, humidifies and adjusts air to body’s temperature
Respiratory zone: gas exchange
53
The alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus, and alveolar capillaries are all part of the ________ zone of the lungs
respiratory zone
54
The trachea, right bronchus, bronchioles, left bronchus, and terminal bronchiole are all part of the _______ zone of the lungs
conduction zone
55
what are the 3 aspects of respiration?
ventilation, gas exchange (via diffusion), and oxygen utilization
56
ventilation in the respiratory system is achieved by __________ and _________.
thoracic diaphragm and intercostal muscles
57
where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?
Between air and blood (at alveoli)
| Between blood and other tissue
58
The cardiorespiratory system adjust to the demands of exercise to ensure what 2 things?
That there is an adequate supply of blood (and O2) that reaches brain, heart and muscles
That heat and waste produces generated by muscles are dissipated and removed
59
What happens to your cardiac output while exercising?
| ventricle size, stroke volume, wall thickness, etc.
- increased atria and ventricles size
- increased amount of blood pumped per heart beat (stroke volume)
Wall thickness
- increased rate of contraction
- increase in ventricles emptying
Result:
- increase in maximal cardiac output
- increase in pumping efficiency
60
what happens to your capillary supply while exercising?
-increase the number of muscle capillaries and their blood flow
- increased surface area and decreased distance between blood and tissues
- increased O2 and CO2 diffusion
- more transport of nutrients
-more O2 extraction
61
what happens to your blood volume while exercising?
1) -increased number of RBCs
- increased erythropoiesis (formation of new RBCs) in bone marrow
2) -increase in total blood volume
- increased O2 amount extracted
- increased O2 carrying capacity
62
how does exercise affect our ventilation process?
- increase breath depth
- increase breathing rate
- more gas exchange
- 150 L/min vs. 6 L/min at rest
63
what are the immediate effects of PA in high altitudes?
1) Hyperventilation (immediate)
- increased breathing rate
- increased O2 delivery
- increased CO2 removal and acid-base balance changes
2) increased heart rate (immediate)
64
what are the long term effects of PA in high altitudes?
increased O2 carrying capacity (long-term)
* More RBCs
* More Hb per RBC
65
___% of energy is released through heat
80
66
Victorians used ______ explanations to justify ______ differences between women and men
biological, cultural
67
Many (but not all) of our current sports come from ______________, where they were played by ‘gentleman amateurs’ = “Sportsmanship”
late 19th century Britain
68
Sport was modernized through 5 things:
- written rules
- regulated spaces and times
- organized competitions
- international diffusion
- creation of national teams/ international governing bodies
69
was what the main focus of sport in the indigenous communities?
focused around ceremonial and religious practices and teaching of survival skills
70
What impact did the industrial revolution have on sport?
it increased leisure time and engagement in sport and games because people worked in more urban areas instead of moving around so they had more spare time
71
What values were promoted by these clubs and associations created by the Brits?
- Pleasure and conviviality
- Excellence in competition
- Skill—‘scientific play’—rather than brute strength
- Respectable ‘manliness’—courage, self-reliance and self-discipline, respect for others
- Canadian nationalism (pro-British variant)
- Sports as education for citizenship
72
when did the emergence of women's sport begin? what kind of exercise did this comprise of? what was the goal of this?
- Begun predominantly in 1880s
- Light exercise concentrated on making women both strong and graceful
- Goal: protecting women, based on the assumption that they were weak, fragile
73
explain the effect of the bicycle craze on women and sport in the 1890's
- Invention of the pneumatic tire and the safety bicycle
- Mass production
- Revolutionary impact on women’s access to physical activity
- Aided by the introduction of the “bloomer”, bifurcated skirt
74
what was the main reason in the 19th century that it was not acceptable for women to participate in sport?
- fears were that a woman should not run too fast or jump too high because her uterus might fall out
- ”weaker” sex needs to conserve their energy
75
when was the first time women were allowed to compete a the Olympic games? what sport did they compete in?
Women competed at Paris, 1900 for the first time, women were allowed to play tennis
76
what political changes were said to have an impact on women and sport and why?
- Suffragette movement (women winning the vote)
- Prohibition (importation of alcohol)
- Person’s Case (1929) (women allowed in the senate)
- Connection to sport and physical activity?
-because women are now allowed to work in factories and are considered people
77
Who is Fanny (Bobby) Rosenfeld?
-Gold and silver medals in track and field, 1928 -Olympics
-Hockey and softball star
-Journalist at the Globe and Mail
-Named Canada’s female athlete of the half century in 1950
(pretended to be a guy so she could compete)
78
Celebrated Women's Teams: Preston Rivulettes
women's hockey team:
348 wins – 2 losses
8 consecutive Ontario championships
6 consecutive national titles
79
What was the most successful team in Canadian sport history and what did they accomplish?
```
The Edmonton Grads- women's basket ball team:
502 wins – 20 losses (1915-1940)
18 consecutive Canadian titles
17 consecutive North American titles
Winning streaks of 147 and 78 games
```
80
women organizing sport for women: Alice Milliat's accomplishments
-Created an international federation:
Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI)
-Hosted women’s only international games
81
what was included for women at the 1928 Olympics
- IOC agrees to add women’s track and field events to the program for Amsterdam 1928
- FSFI fought for 12 events
- Final IOC program included five events: 100m, 800m, high jump, discus, 4 x 100m relay
- 12.8% of all Olympic events were for women
- Women comprised 9.6% of competitors
82
How did the group “Matchless six” do at the 1928 Olympics?
- gold in high jump (Ethel Catherwood)
- gold (WR) in 4 x 100 m relay
- silver (Fanny “Bobbie” Rosenfeld) and bronze (Ethel Smith) in 100m
- unofficial team points championship
83
why was the women's 800m race removed from the Olympics in 1928? when was this reincluded in the Olympics and when was the first women's marathon?
- Competitors fell to the infield grass, at the conclusion of the 800m
- Male observers, including Coubertin and Pope Pius (who commented on the event from Rome), were aghast at such “un-feminine” display
- removed from the Olympic program and women did not run that far again until 1960
- Women’s marathon refused until 1984
84
Did the impact created by the inclusion of women in the Olympics last? Why or why not?
- Wartime mobilization (beginning in 1939) closed facilities to women’s teams
- Post-war reconstruction emphasized household responsibilities
- Many institutions discontinued girls’ and women’s competitions
- Example of the first wave’s achievements lost to the next generation
85
Biomechanics
the science that examines the forces acting upon (external) and within (internal) a biological structure and the effects produced by such forces
86
Biomechanics is an interdiscipline of what 6 disciplines?
- health sciences
- kinesiology
- medicine
- mathematics
- engineering
- natural sciences
87
quantitative analysis
Using high-tech instrumentation
Usually intended for researchers
Measuring variables to optimize athletic performance
88
qualitative analysis
Using sight and hearing
Usually done by coaches and teachers
Who typically do not have access to complex equipment or specialized knowledge
To identify and correct errors: “Observe, analyze and correct.”
Requires framework and a set of principles
89
what is the difference between kinetics and kinematics?
Kinematics: without reference to forces causing motion
Kinetics: describing motion in terms of forces that cause it
90
what is the main focus of kinematics?
Focusing on motion’s spatial and timing characteristics
```
Measurements:
Position
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
```
91
what is the main focus of kinetics?
Internal forces
Muscles pulling on bones
Bone-on-bone, inside joints
External forces acting on the body
Without contact (e.g., gravity)
From contact with ground, opponent or equipment
92
what are the 3 models that simplify the study of human movements?
Particle model
Stick figure model
Rigid body segment model
93
what is the particle model?
- dots represent the center of mass
- used when body or object are airborne or in flight
- ex: projectile motion
94
what is the stick figure model?
- body segments represented as sticks
- used when body is in contact with other objects
- describes gross motor skills in 2D
95
what is the rigid body segment model?
- body segments=irregular 3D volume
- used for sophisticated 3D analyses
- can include shape deformation of body segments
96
Mass
- Quantity of matter in an object
- Reluctance of an object to change state of linear motion
- A measure of linear inertia
97
Moment of inertia
- Reluctance of rotating object to change state of angular motion (rotation)
- Depends on mass and its distribution around axis of rotation
98
gravity
-Force of attraction between two bodies
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
E.g., human body and planet earth
99
what is the difference between weight and mass?
mass is a measure of inertia (kg) while weight is a measure of the force of gravity (N)
100
what are the 3 types of motion?
- linear motion
- angular motion
- general motion
101
what is linear motion?
all body parts move the same distance in the same direction at the same time
ex: bobsled
102
what is angular motion?
- body moves on a circular path and rotates around the axis of rotation
- body segments rotate about their joints
ex: twisting sumersault
103
what is general motion?
body/segments move linearly and rotate at the same time
- true for most athletic and every day activities
ex: walking
104
Force
is any action, push or pull, that tends to cause an object to change is state of motion by experiencing acceleration
105
What is a lever system?
-Mechanical device performing angular motion
Components:
Axis of rotation/fulcrum (aka pivot point)
Lever attached to fulcrum
-Human muscles, bones and joint work together as lever systems
106
how do levers work?
Force is applied and if the turning effect of the force is greater than resistance
Then: Rotation at the axis / fulcrum occurs
107
With a longer force arm:
_____ force is needed
_____ torque is produced
less, greater
108
what are the 3 types of basic levers?
- first class
- second class
- third class
109
what is a first class lever? Give an example.
Applied force and resistance on opposite side of axis, at un/equal distance from one another
Example: crowbar
Human body: head flexion
110
what is a second class lever? Give an example.
Applied force and resistance on same side of axis; resistance closer to axis
Example: wheelbarrow
Human body - rare: toe raise
111
what is a third class lever? Give an example.
Applied force and resistance on same side of axis; force closer to the axis
Example: fishing
Human body – many: forearm flexion
112
Newton's law of inertia
“Objects will not change their state of motion unless acted on by an unbalanced external force”
113
Newton's law of acceleration
“Objects will experience a change in velocity or acceleration proportional to the unbalanced external force”
114
Newton's law of action-reaction
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; forces act in pairs that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction”
115
what are the 4 different tissue types?
epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous
116
To best understand the bio-mechanical characteristics of tissue, we examine its behavior under _______.
physical load (force)
117
Elasticity
capacity of a tissue to return to its original shape after removal of a load
118
plastic region in the load deformation curve
tissue no longer possesses elastic properties
119
ultimate failure in load deformation curve
tissue becomes completely unresponsive to loads
120
what does the area under the load deformation curve represent?
the strength of the material
121
what does the slope represent in the load deformation curve?
stiffness (resistance to deformation) of the material
122
The shape of the load-deformation curve is affected by the ______ properties
The shape of the stress-strain curve is affected by the ______ properties
structural, material
123
A training load that is smaller than the elastic limit results in:
- micro-failure and building new tissues
| - positive training effect
124
A training load that is bigger than the elastic limit results in:
- permanent failure
| - injury
125
Wolff's law of functional adaptation
Cancellous bone is arranged along principal lines of stress
126
4 characteristics of treatment
- Received by patient from a health care professional
- Promotes healing
- Improves quality of injured tissue
- Allows quicker return to activity
127
2 characteristics of rehabilitation
- Therapist’s restoration of injured tissue + patient's participation
- Individualized for each person
128
what are the 3 healing phases and their length
- inflammatory response phase (2-4 days)
- fibroblastic repair phase (hours-6 weeks)
- maturation-remodeling phase (3 weeks-years)
129
what are the 5 signs of the inflammatory response phase?
- Redness
- Swelling
- Pain
- Increased temperature
- Loss of function
130
5 treatments of the inflammatory response phase
| PRICE treatment
-Protect
-Rest
-Cryotherapy
Decreases swelling, bleeding, pain, and spasms
-Compression
Decreases swelling
-Elevation
Decreases swelling
131
3 treatments of the fibroblastic repair phase
```
-Rehab-specific exercises
Restore range of motion and strength
-Manual massage therapy and ultrasound
Help break down scar tissue
-Protective taping and bracing
```
132
what is the fibroblastic repair phase?
- Repair and scar formation
- Granulation tissue fills the gap “scab”
- Collagen fibres are deposited by fibroblasts
- Inflammatory response seen in phase 1 subsides
133
maturation remodeling phase
realignment of scar tissue
134
2 treatments of the maturation remodeling phase
-More aggressive stretching and strengthening
organizes the scar tissue along the lines of tensile stress
-Include sport-specific skills and activities
135
one of the best indicators of when it is best to resume play
pain
136
what are the 2 ways people tend to mask pain and what are the results of these
1) masking with medication
- can result in gastrointestinal complications or addiction
2) continued participation
- pushing injured tissue closer to yield-level point
137
what is a contusion?
- bruise
- when a compressing force crushes the tissue
- ex: charley horse
138
what is myositis ossificans?
abnormal bone formation resulting from a severe contusion
| -can be life threatening if the affected tissue is a vital organ
139
how do we treat a contusion? (PRICE)
-Protect
-Rest
-Cryotherapy
Decreases swelling, bleeding, pain, and spasms
-Compression
Decreases swelling
-Elevation
Decreases swelling
140
what is the difference between a strain and a sprain?
SPRAIN
Ligament or joint capsule is stretched or torn
STRAIN
Tendon or muscle tissue is stretched or torn
141
characteristics of a grade 1 strain or sprain
- slightly stretched or torn
| - few muscle fibres
142
characteristics of a grade 2 sprain or strain
- moderately stretched or torn
| - more muscle fibers than grade 1 strain/sprain
143
characteristics of a grade 3 sprain/strain
- Complete rupture
- Surgery required
- E.g., ACL tear
144
what are the 5 most common strains?
quadriceps, adductors, hip flexors, hamstrings, and rotator cuff
145
what is the most frequently strained muscle?
hamstrings
146
a strained hamstring is usually due to what?
quadriceps being stronger than the hamstrings
147
most common ankle sprain
lateral ankle sprain
| -inversion
148
proprioception:
ability to sense where your foot is in space
149
what are the 3 ligaments in the ankle that can be sprained? (PAC)
- posterior talofibular ligament
- anterior talofibular ligament
- calcaneofibular ligament
150
dislocation
High enough forces push the joint beyond its normal anatomical limits
Joint surfaces come apart
151
Subluxation
- When supporting structures (e.g., ligaments) are stretched or torn enough to allow boney surfaces to separate
- A subluxation is a partial dislocation
152
most common dislocations
fingers, followed by shoulders
153
simple fracture
stays within the surrounding soft tissue
154
compound fracture
protrudes from the skin
155
stress fracture
results from repeated low magnitude loads
156
avulsion fracture
involves tendon or ligament pulling small chip of bone (more frequent in kids)
157
overuse injuries
- Non-sufficient recovery
- Repeated and accumulated microtrauma
- Most common are tendonitis, bursitis, shoulder impingement, and stress fractures
158
overuse injuries result from:
- Poor technique
- Poor equipment
- Too much training
- Type of training
159
tendonitis
inflammation of the tendon as a result of a smaller tear in the tendon
160
symptoms of tendinitis (3)
- pain (aggrivated by movement)
- tenderness
- stiffness near joint
161
3 main causes of tendonitis
- excessive, repetitive motion
- age
- improper technique
162
Tennis elbow (Lateral epicondylitis)
Affects forearm extensors
- Attached to lateral epicondyle
- Extend wrist and fingers
163
contributing factors to tennis elbow (7)
- Excessive forearm pronation and wrist extensor muscle use
- Gripping racket too tightly
- Improper grip
- Excessive string tension
- Excessive racket weight
- Top spins
- Hitting ball off-center
164
Golfer's and little league elbow (Medial epicondylitis)
Affects tendons of forearm flexors
- Attach to medial epicondyle
- Flex wrist and fingers
165
Jumper's knee (Patellar tendonitis)
Affects infrapatellar ligament
166
Jumper's knee in caused by:
Caused by:
- Repetitive eccentric knee actions
- Eccentric load during jump preparation >>> body weight
167
what are bursae?
- Tiny fluid-filled sacs
| - Lubricate and cushion pressure points between bone and tendons
168
What is bursitis?
inflammation of the bursae
| -results form overuse and stress
169
what are the most common forms of bursitis?
shoulder, elbow, and hip
170
what is the difference between a stress fracture and shin splints?
Shin splints
- Pain along medial tibial surface
- Involves pain and inflammation
- NO disruption of cortical bone
Stress fracture
- Results from repeated low-magnitude forces
- Small disruption of the outer bone layer
- Weakened bone
- Cortical bone fracture
171
what is the purpose of philosophical research?
-To engage in reflective examination
Ideas and ideals, meanings, lived experiences, values, logical relationships, and arguments
- To fill in the gaps of empirical methodologies and makes connections
- To acknowledging and embracing the complexity of ideas
172
what are 5 major disciplines of philosophy?
1) Metaphysics
- Study of what is real
2) Epistemology
- Study of knowledge (how we know what we know)
3) Aesthetics
- Study of beauty
4) Ethics
- Study of how we ought to live (how we distinguish right from wrong)
5) Logic
- Study of argument analysis
173
philosophy of sport
to think more intentionally, seriously, rigorously, and thoroughly about physical activity and leisure
174
metaphysical dualism
- Clear distinction between the body and the mind
| - Separation of our being / existence into 2 substances
175
PA in the dark ages (middle ages)
PE was not needed except for to prepare for war
176
scholaticism
- Privileging of mind over body in education
- Physical activity only to keep the body healthy, not for enjoyment
- Remains prevalent in Western universities
- Is there a perceived or actual hierarchy among the degrees offered at the University of Manitoba?
- Do we see a “harmonious balance of body and mind” ?
177
asceticism
- Privileging of mind over body in religion
- Self-denial of physical pleasure and indulgence emphasized
- “Pursuits of the flesh” viewed as detrimental to religious respect
- At odds with sensory-based belief systems highlighting physical experiences
- Training of body degraded and ignored, because considered repulsive
- Damaging to PE and KIN
178
Dualism in medicine
- Disease as mental or physical, not in combination
- Emphasis on treating the body OR treating the mind, rarely in unison
- More recent move toward holistic medicine that rejects the dualist separation of mind and body
179
The decline of dualism: the renaissance
-Period classified by the shift toward humanism and naturalism ~14 c.
- Key ideas:
- Intellectual curiosity
- Harmonious development and (w)holism
- “A sound mind in a sound body”
-Attention removed from the divine and placed on human experience
180
realism
- The move toward scientific observation and experimentation
- Shift from faith to evidence
- Realization that bodily movement could be studied scientifically
181
PA in the 17th and 18th centuries
- Early precursors to modern ideas about politics, sociology, religion, and education
- Jean Jacques Rousseau’s contributions against inequality and in favour of holisitic education of mind and body
- Johann GutsMuth’s innovative physical education system:
- Taught that growth and development of the body was integral to education
- Good health promoted through gymnastics-based exercises
- Physiology and medicine used to promote health through ‘fun’ exercises
182
Lingering implications of dualistic views
- Scientization of sport and leisure
- Low status in hierarchy of education
- Fighting the ‘fun’ (negative) and jock stereotypes
- Emphasis on utility (health and fitness, not play)
- Name changes reflect these views
183
who were most often drug addicts in the 19th century?
- middle to upper-class women
| - doctors/business men accidentally addicted
184
athletes' use of drugs
-Open culture of drug use already present in endurance sports
-E.g. Dorando Pietri– strychnine and atropine in 1908 Olympic marathon
Required help to finish the race
“three times after the doctors had poured stimulants down his throat he was dragged to his feet, and finally was pushed across the line with one man at his back and another holding him by the arm” (New York Times, 25 July 1908)
-Disqualification of “doped athlete” infuriated fans
Indicates no moral opposition to drugs in early Olympic games
185
when did the first drug testing take place in the Olympic games?
1967 panam games
186
after the beginning of drug testing before athletic events, what did people use to supplement the use of drugs?
dietary supplements
- ingredients found in food
- micro and macro nutrients
187
ergogenic aids
- Substances that enhance work output, particularly as it relates to athletic performance
- Include drugs, dietary supplements, and mechanical aids (fancy socks or running gear that might enhance performance)
- Common, permitted ergogenic aids: Vitamins and minerals, carbohydrate loading (“Super”- loading of muscle glycogen stores)
188
what are 3 common everyday drugs?
1) caffeine
2) nicotine
3) alcohol
189
what are the 2 types of ergogenic aids?
1) substances (legal drugs, illegal drugs, nutritional supplements)
2) methods
190
The _________________ maintains a list of banned substances (drugs) and methods (chemical and physical manipulations)
World Anti-Doping Agency
191
blood testing begins in the year ____
1994
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what does WADA do?
1) Establish a single list of banned substances
2) Coordinate standards to collect/analyze samples
3) Push for unified drug sanctions
4) Promote research
5) Coordinate standards for Random Unannounced Testing (RUT) and Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUE)
193
What criteria does WADA set to determine if a substance/method belongs on the banned list?
1) Enhances performance
2) Causes harm
3) Violates the spirit of sport
(2 of 3 criteria)
194
ways to improve VO2 max without drugs
1) Train the muscle
- Optimize muscle condition to utilize oxygen better
- Trained muscle requires less oxygen to produce the same amount of energy = more efficient
2) Improve blood circulation
- Train the heart
3) Improve the capacity of blood to carry oxygen
- Increase RBC concentration / hematocrit
195
what are 5 ways to increase hematocrit?
1) blood transfusions
2) Exogenous stimulation of increased RBC production
3) altitude acclimatization
4) supplementation
5) gene therapy
196
what are the only 3 blood boosting methods that are not banned by WADA?
1) actual altitude acclimatization
2) simulated altitude acclimatization
3) supplementation with iron
197
Who is Eero Mantyranta?
-A Finnish hero
-7 Olympic medals
-Suspected of blood doping
-Cleared after DNA testing of 200 family members showed genetic mutation of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) gene
-20% higher RBC production
up to 50% increase in oxygen carrying capacity in blood
198
what is movement pedagogy?
The method and practice of teaching movement (including physical activity, exercise, and sport)
199
curriculum
explains what and why something is to be learned and provides some coherent structure
200
lesson plan
structured learning tasks” that “briefly list and describe what is to occur during the lesson or practice
201
what is the historical approach?
A discipline-focused approach to education: get people aligned, following directions, listening to authority
Centered around calisthenics for girls and military drill and gymnastics for boys
202
what are the physical health benefits of play?
- Playground structures encourage multiple forms of movement
- Can promote muscle growth and develop different muscle groups
- Vigorous play (e.g., running games) can promote cardiovascular health
203
what are the psycho-social benefits of play?
- Doing well in playground games garners children attention, social acceptance, and offers them opportunities to be leaders
- Children with poor movement competence can often feel lonely, isolated, and excluded
204
what is ethics?
Practical Reasoning
- questions of good, right, duty, obligation, virtue
- what we should or ought to do in a particular situation with reasons why
205
what are 3 sub-disciplines of ethics that are related PE and Kin?
- Meta-ethics: Specifying the parameters of ethical theories
- Research ethics: Agreed upon guidelines for the responsible conduct of research
- Applied ethics: Applying theories of ethics to practical problems
206
what are the 5 different approaches in ethics?
1. The Utilitarian Approach – best consequences
2. The Rights Approach – intentions and respecting rights
3. The Fairness/Justice Approach – equal/equitable
4. The Common Good Approach – community
5. The Virtue Approach – values
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utilitarian approach to ethics
From John Stuart Mill
“The greatest good for the greatest number”
Based on perceived consequences
The ethical action is the one that causes the most good and does the least harm
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rights approach to ethics
Developed by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals
Focus is on our duties / intentions
“The ends do not justify the means”
The ethical action is the one that is consistent and respects autonomy
209
the fairness/justice approach to ethics
Equality (sameness) and equity (fairness)
Metaphor of veil of ignorance (John Rawls)
Ethical actions treat all human beings equally, or if unequally, then fairly based on a defensible standard
210
common good approach to ethics
Based on relationships and contributions to community life
Upholding the social contract
Ethical actions respects community relationships and treats people with compassion
211
virtue approach to ethics
4 Ancient virtues: Justice, Wisdom, Courage, Self-control
Why?
A virtuous person will achieve Eudaimonia
The right action is the one that the Virtuous Person would choose
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standard decision making model of ethics includes:
1. Recognizing an ethical issue
2. Gathering facts
3. Evaluating options
4. Making and testing a decision
5. Reflecting on outcomes
213
Under what conditions does commercial sport grow and prosper?”
- A market economy
- Large, densely populated cities
- Areas with a relatively high standard of living
- Large amounts of capital
214
what is the difference between professional and amateur sport?
Professional sport: privately owned, paid participants
Amateur sport: Managed by governing bodies, volunteer driven
215
sociologist approach to sport
Sport sociology studies sports as parts of social and cultural life. For example, why have sports in particular groups been organized in certain ways? And how are sports related to important spheres of social life, such as politics, the economy, family, education, and the media?
216
what are 3 current social issues in sport?
- concussions
- doping (are people doping using drugs that are less detectable?)
- gender testing
- access (training, nutrition, sport science)
- protests (national anthem)
- should athletes be held to a higher standard than their peers?
217
social class
"categories of people who share a position in society based on a combination of their income, wealth, education, occupation, and social connections”
-is relevant for any sport participation rate in Canada
218
social stratification
“persisting patterns of inequality in which certain categories or strata of people repeatedly get more or less of the valued resources in society” (Howard Nixon, sport sociologist)
219
class relations
Organized sport requires economic resources
People or institutions that provide these resources do so in a way that reflects and maintains their values and interests.
They have the power to influence the organization of sport and physical activity, not only at the commercial level but also at the grassroots recreational level
220
define sex vs gender
Sex: biological aspects of male and female existence: anatomy, physiology, genetics, hormones
-Woman and man are biological markers of chromosomal, chemical, and anatomical different
Gender: the non-biological aspects of difference between women and men; gender performativity
-Masculinity and femininity are social science notions of gender
221
equality
refers to ‘sameness’ and treating everyone alike, regardless of conditions
222
equity
refers to treating people fairly, and may require unequal treatment of some people to create a fair playing field
223
inclusion
goes beyond and equality and equity and involves a culture of respect, tolerance, welcoming, and belonging
224
race
a category of people who are regarded as socially distinct because they share genetically transmitted physical traits, such as skin colour or hair colour
225
ethnicity
cultural heritage of a particular group of people
226
what athletic games helped to include indigenous people?
- north american indigenous games
| - arctic winter games
227
what athletic games helped include homosexual people?
- Gay games 1982
| - out games 2006
228
what athletic games helped include older aged people in sport?
-world masters games 1985
229
what is intersectionality?
overlapping and interdependent systems of disadvantage and discrimination created by interconnected social categories
230
To take positive steps forward, we must first understand the current problems (sociology), where they came from (history), what we can do about them (management), and what ideal solutions might entail (philosophy)
(no answer)
231
what is psychology?
the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour in a given context
232
How do we account for the differences in performance between athletes who share similar physiological profiles? (same commitment to nutrition, training, and physical fitness?)
1) personality
2) anxiety and performance
3) motivation
233
what differs from the personality of an athlete and that of a non-athlete?
```
Sport psychology researchers report that compared to non-athletes, athletes are more:
Competitive
Dominant
Self-confident
Achievement oriented
Psychologically well adjusted
Have higher self-esteem
More authoritarian
Persistant
```
234
arousal
physiological state of readiness and psychological activation
235
stress
"un-emotional bodily response to some type of stressor” … non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it
236
anxiety
tension and worry that results from distress
237
trait anxiety
“personality characteristic that is relatively stable over time, predisposing the individual to be anxious across a wide variety of situations”
238
state anxiety
situation-specific anxiety (e.g., sport)
239
cognitive state anxiety
psychological component of state anxiety, caused by fear of failure or negative consequences (results in worrying)
240
somatic state anxiety
physical component of state anxiety, including perception of physiological responses such as muscular tension, increased heart rate
241
what are 3 things you can do to lower cognitive state anxiety?
- Progressive muscular relaxation (PMR)
- Controlled breathing in peaceful surroundings, with the focus shifting from one muscle group to another
- Positive imagery
- With eyes closed, imagine performing well in the performance environment that is the source of anxiety
- Positive self-talk
- Re-assuring oneself with positive thoughts and statements (training oneself to think positively)
242
the negative side of sport psychology
The same techniques and interventions can provide insight into uncomfortable questions, connected to over-adherence to the sport ethic
243
why study the psychology of PA?
1) Can help us to understand the psychological antecedents of physical activity participation and performance (Adoption, Adherence,Noncompliance)
2) There is a need to understand the psychological consequences of participation
- Reduce negative acute and chronic states
- Promote positive acute and chronic states
244
what is the Strathcona Trust?
An endowment of $500,000 in 1909
| To “encourage physical and military training in the schools”
