Second exam preparation Flashcards
1
Q
What is mood?
A
An enduring state of emotionality
2
Q
What is depression characterized by?
A
Impairments of emotional states, motivation, fucntioning, and cognition
3
Q
What do the characteristics of depression mean?
Like the impairments of emotional state, motivation etc.
A
- Emotional state: sad, tearful, irratible, jumpy, and hopeless
- Motivation: unmotivated, reduced social activity, anhedonia
- Functioning: slower movement/speech,
changes in sleep & appetite, less efficient - Cognition: difficulty concentrating, feelings
of inadequacy & guilt, thoughts of worthlessness
4
Q
What are the characteristics of MANIA?
The states are the same of depression but impair differently.
A
- Emotional State: extreme energy, inflated self-esteem, grandoisty, irritability
- Motivation: Need constant excitment & activities, extrememe motivation
- Fucntioning: Little/no sleep, rapid speech & movemennt, risky behaviour
- Cognition: Lack of planning/judgement, racing thoughts, distractibility.
5
Q
What are the three different structures of mood and what do they mean?
A
- Unipolar: mood remains at one area of the mood chart –> depression or mania
- Bipolar: mood changes between areas of the mood chart –> depression to mania
- Mixed: mix of symptoms across areas of mood chart.
Example of the mixed: depression with some features of mania or vise versa.
6
Q
What is the diagnosis of major depressive disorder?
How many symptoms you need and how long you need to have them for.
A
- You need 5+ symptoms during a 2 week period REP change from before
- Symptoms must include 1 depressed mood or loss of interest AND/OR anhedonia
1 depressed mood or loss of interest + 4 of the other symptoms making 5.
7
Q
What is the general coruse that Major depressive episodes take?
Like the trjaectory, does it reoccur, episodic etc.
A
- Tends to be episodic and reccurent.
- Dips down tot he dysthymia and back to base level
8
Q
Whats the prevelance of major depressive disorder?
% in the population, onset, more common in men or women etc.
A
- 5.4 % if the population
- 2X more common in women
- Average onset in mid-late 20s
- Probably increasing in adolesents
9
Q
What is the persistent depressive mood disorder (PDD) diagnosis?
How many symptoms etc.
A
- Depressed mood for atleast 2 years
- Atleast 2 of the symptoms
- Cant have been without A&B symptoms for 2+ months in the 2-year period
- Can also meet criteria for MDD
- Has never had a manor or hypomanic episode
10
Q
How do MDD and PDD compare
A
- PDD is milder, but more chronic than MDD
- Median duration of PDD is 5 years
- PDD can last 20 - 30 years
- PDD is less repsonsive to treatment
- PDD higher risk of suicide
- PFF the chronciity is related to hopelessness
11
Q
What is a depressive episode?
A
- Common in bipolar l, but not required. FIX THIS CARD
12
Q
What criteria of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disoder (PMDD) do you need to meet for diagnosis
Dont forget onset
A
- Must have 5 symptoms
- Symptoms are presnet in week before menses
- Must have 1+ of difficulty concentrating, fatigue/low energy; apetite changes; sleep changes; feeling overwhelmed or out-of-control; physical symptoms.
- Onset –> absent or minimal
13
Q
What are the diagnostic criteria for Disruptive mood dysregulation (DMDD)
Time of diagnosis, # of outbursts, occuring for atleast __ months etc.
A
- Only diagnosed between 6 – 18 years of age (with onset before 10 years)
- Severe recurrent temper outbursts (verbal or physical) that are out of proportion to event/situation
- Outbursts are not developmentally appropriate
- Avg 3+ outbursts per week
- Outbursts occur in at least 2 settings/week
- Occuring for 12+ months with no 3+ month __
14
Q
What is a manic episode?
Dont forget symptoms
A
- Distinct period of abnormal and peristent elevated, expansive or irritable mood + increased activity, energy.
- Lasts atleast 1 week, most of the day, nearly every day
- 3+ of the following are present: inflated self esteem or grandoisty, decreased need for sleep, more tlakitive, pressured speech, flight ideas, racing thoughts, distractibility, icnreased in goal-directed activity, and excessive involvement in risky activities.
Basically, on crack
15
Q
What is a hypomanic episode? What are its symptoms? What are the 2 key differences from a manic episode?
A
- Distinct period of abnormally & persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood + Increased activity, energy
- Lasts at least 4 days, most of the day nearly every day
- 3+ of following symptoms: inflated self esteem or grandoisty, decreased need for sleep, more tlakitive, pressured speech, flight ideas, racing thoughts, distractibility, icnreased in goal-directed activity, and excessive involvement in risky activities.
- Key differences from manic episode (1) Lasts 4 days and (2) episode is not severe enough to cause impairment in social or occupational fucntioning.
How is it different from manic episode?
16
Q
What is the diagnostic criteria for Biopolar disorder l?
A
- Criteria met for 1 manic episode
- Occurance of manic and depressive episode is not better explanied by schizoaffective disoder, schizophrenia, shcizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disoder
Understand difference between Bipolar ll disoder
17
Q
What is the diagnostic criteria for Bipolar ll disorder?
A
- Met criteria for 1 hypomanic episode & and 1 major depressive episode
- Never met criteria for manic episode
- Major depressive episode OR frequenct changes between depression & hypomania cause distress or impairment.
18
Q
What are the specifiers for Bipolar l disorder?
A
- With anxious distress
- Mxied features
- Rapid cycling
- Melancholic features
- Mood congruent psychotic features
- Mood incongruent psychotic features
- Catatonia
- Peripartum onset
- Seasonal pattern
19
Q
What are the speicifiers of Bipolar ll
A
- With anxious distress
- Mxied features
- Rapid cycling
- Mood congruent psychotic features
- Mood incongruent psychotic features
- Catatonia
- Peripartum onset
- Seasonal pattern
Meloncholic features in not present here, but is for bipolar l
20
Q
What are the bipolar disoder specifiers?
This is more general to both disorders
A
- Mixed features: MD or manic episode having some symptoms from the opposite polairty
- Rapid cycling: Moving quickly in and out of depressive and manic episodes; at least four manic or depressive mood episodes within a year
21
Q
What is criteria for cyclothymic disorder?
A
- 2 years, serveral periods of, hypomania symptoms that don’t criteria for full hypomanic disoder; depressive symptoms that don’t meet criteria for full major depressive episode
- Depressive or hypomania symtoms present at least 1/2 of the time during 2-year period
- No 2+ month period WITHOUT symptoms
- Have met criteria for manic, hypomanic, or depressive episodes.
22
Q
What is the chronic flucutation in mood for cyclothymic disoder?
A
- Rarely, if ever, euthymic
- Can look like mood swings, but more intense and persistent.
Your mood is constanly going from a dysthymia and hypomania mood state
23
Q
More Bipolar Disorder Specifiers
IDK why she has two slides bruh for this
A
- Anxious distress
- 2+ symptoms fo majority of days: keyed up or tense, unusually restless, diffulty concentrating becuase of worry, fear somthing awful may happen, feeling they may lose control of themselves.
24
Q
Whats overall lifespan of mood disorders?
A
Preveleance of mood disorders tend to deline with age
25
How are mood disorders presented in children? What about in terms of specific diagnosises?
1. Irratibility, agression
2. More focus on physical/behavioural aspects due to difficulty expressing thoughts and moods/feelings
3. Dysthymia > MDD in children
4. MDD > dysthymia in adlensence/adults
26
How are mood disorders with adults?
1. More diffcicult to diagnose
2. No diff in rates betwene men and women
3. More prevelent in folks in nursing homes (18-20%)
4. Contributes to physical disease and/or culture
27
What are some genetic factors of mood disorders?
| Rates of mood disorders, % of hertibility etc.
1. Rates of mood disoders approx 2-3X higher in people with family history
2. ~37% heritible
3. Evidence for joint hertibility for anxiety and depression. <-- suggests underlying joint vulnerability, or predisposition, for symptoms of anxiety & depression.
28
What is the perimissive hypothesis?
Argues that low levels of serotonin allow other neurotransmitter systems to become dysregulated.
29
What are the main functions of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine?
1. Serotonin regulates moods, and behaviours.
2. Dopamine regulates reward processing & anticipation; anhedonia
3. Norepeinpehrine regulates energy and stress reactions; sleep/energy.
## Footnote
Serotonin would
30
What neurotransmitters would be associated with each disoder we covered?
31
What are the psychological factors for mood disorders?
1. Stressful life events; jobs, finances, single parenting, traumtic experinces
2. Factors affecting stressful events: Interpretation, ability to cope, avavible resources.
32
What are the 6 cognitive distortions and depression?
1. Seeing events as either all good or all bad; black and white
2. Focusing only on negative details of experience
3. Forming negative view of events, despite lack of evidence
4. believing that negative events will occur again (more broad)
5. Denying accomplishments
6. Eaggerating the importance if your flaws or mistakes.
## Footnote
Examples of each
1. I got a B+, thats basically an F
2. Only seeing the room for improvements comments when you did really well
3. Mind reading
4. "I didn't get this job, all my other apllications will be rejected."
5. "Anyone could've done that"
6. Forgetting something minor = world is ending
33
Social factors
## Footnote
Mood disorders
1Romantic relationships; dissatisfaction
2. Gender; 70% with MDD and PDD are women
3. Social support; rate of depression is 80% for people who live alone; lack of social suppo. rt
34
What are the medications used for mood disorders
1. Mood disoders - antidepressants include --> tricyclics, MAOI's, and SSRI's
2. Bipolar disorder - mood stabilizer --> lithium
35
# Hint: ECT and TMS
What are biological therpay based treatments?
| Which one is better?
## Footnote
Mood disorders
1. Electroconclusive Therapy; controverisal, effective for serve mood disoders that havnt responded to other treatment
2. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; newer than ECT, more precise and effective in treating depression.
## Footnote
Transcranial would be better for the day to day cases.
35
What behavioural activation?
36
What does CBT focus on in treating depression? Give examples.
1. Different targets like depressionogenic thoughts, core beliefs, behavioural goals.
2. Doesn't use exposure --> more about behavioural activation & maybe some behavioural expeirments depending on diffuclties.
37
What does Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) focus on in depression?
1. Focuses on resolving problems in existing relationship
2. Learning how to form new interperosnal realtionships.
3. Stages --> 1 Negotiation, 2 impasse stage,and 3 resolution stage.
38
What does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) focus on in Biopolar disorder?
1. Psychoeducation
2. Learn to identify/target unhellpful thoughts.
3. Learning skills
4. Intervention/prevention related to future episodes
## Footnote
1. Example -->
2. Example --> depressive thoughts during MDD episode, overly positive thoughts during mania
3. Example --> coping, stress-reduction, social conlfict management, problem solving etc.
4. Sleep management, medication adherence, learning early warning signs and intervention options.
39
What does Interpersonal and social rtythm therapy (IPSRT) focus on?
1. Focuses on regulating circadian ryhthms
2. Techniques include: Regulate eating/sleeping cycles, set and maintain daily schedules, more effective coping skills for stressful events & events interpersonal
40
What does Family focused Treatment (FFT) focus on for Bipolar disorder?
1. Includes all immediate family members
2. techniques include: Psychoeducation, family members taught to idenitfy early warning signs & how to respond
3. Family taught effective coping responses
4. Teach effective communication & problem solving skills
5. Resolve family conflicts.
41
What is considered double depression?
When someone mets the criteria for major episode and perisistent despressive disorder.
42
Whats the difference beween mood congruent and in-congruent symptoms for depressive disorders? Provide exmaples.
1. Mood congruent means the symptoms are directly related to depression. Examples --> halluncitions, somatic delusions, and auditory hallucinations
2. In-congruent mood would be symptoms that don't relate to the low mood state like delusions of grandeur, where an individual can feel like they can do anything.
## Footnote
Delusions of grandeur would be congruent with a manic episode.
43
What is the seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?
1. Depressed episodes that manifest during specific times of the year for at least 2+ years.
## Footnote
1. Research has found that depression varies from winter to summer in that during the winter people usually sleep more and gain weight.
2. Adults (25+) showed variation only for sleeping and eating while youth (12-24) showed variation in feeling lack of interest, pleasure, concentration and feeling like a failure.
44
What is integrated grief?
Acute grief that usually follows the passing of close realtions but comes to terms with it
45
What is psycholoigcal autopsy?
psychological autopsy is the process of determining whether a deceased person has died as the result of a suicide
46
What are the other two rapid cycling conditions?
1. Ultra rapid cycling, length of days to weeks
2. Ultra-ultra rapid cycling, cycle length is less than 24 hours.
## Footnote
Rapid cycling is switching from depressive mood to mania. So this means that the shorter the cycle, the more they're swtching between moods.
47
what is the average onset for bipolar l and ll disorder?
1. Bipolar l --> 15 - 18
2. Biopolar ll --> 19 - 22
48
What's the difference of onset for MDD and bipolar disoder?
1. Bipolar disorders have an acute onset (more sudden)
49
What age group is MDD and PDD more prevelent in?
1. PDD is more prevelent than MDD in children, but switches as they get older.
2. MDD is prevelent in adolensents than PDD
## Footnote
MDD is most common in females
50
Whats the connection between mania and children under the age of 9?
1. More irratability and mood swings
2. Symptoms always chronic rather than episodic in adults
51
What did research by Berenbuam find in people with affective flattening symptom?
## Footnote
Chapter 14
1. Found that people with this symptom don't lack emotions, they just have trouble expressing it.
52
What did Fahim and researchers find with people with affective flatting symptom of shchizophrenia.
## Footnote
Chapter 14
1. Correct emotion was less instense than control group.
53
What is a shared psychotic disorder? (folie a deux)
## Footnote
Chapter 14
1. Condiiton in which an individual will develop delusions becuase of a close realtionship with an individual.
54
What did the family studies on schizophrenia find?
## Footnote
Chapter 14
1. The more severe a parents schizophrenic disorder was, the more likley their children were to develop it.
2. People inherit a generla disposition that is similar or diffferent to your parents
3. Risk of shchizophrenia depends on how many genes they share with the shizophrenic individual.
4. 48% if it affected a monozygotic twin and 17% with a fraternal twin.
55
What did the twin studies find
## Footnote
Chapter 14
1. 4 twins had same predisposition but onset, severeity, presentation and level of impairment differed.
56
WHat did the adoption study find in the context of shizophrenia?
| What model would best represnt the reduced risk?
## Footnote
Chapter 14
1. Children adopted had 22% of developing schizophrenia if they bio-mother had it
2. Recued risk for healthy homes --> gene-environmental model
57
what did the offspring of twins study find
## Footnote
Chapter 14
1. People can be carriers of various disorders without it being a dominant gene.
58
What did the linkage and assocation study find?
## Footnote
Chapter 14 Linkage and associtation studies heading
1. Chromosome 8, 6, and 22 make someone more suspectable to devleoping schizophrenia
## Footnote
Chromosome 22 (catecholamine omethyl transferase) is cool becuase it helps dopamine metabolism, which can help explain etiology of schizophrenia.
59
What are the main three findings of dopamine affects on schizophrenia.
## Footnote
Chapter 14
1. Less stimulation of the dopamine recptors of the prefrontal --> negative symptoms.
2. Exessive stimulation of the striatal (part of the basal ganglia --> motor movement).
3. Less stimulation of prefrontal receptors from glutamate
60
What did the brain strcuture find in relation to schizophrenia
## Footnote
Chapter 14
1. Enlarged ventricles
2. Hypofrontality --> Less activitation of the frontal lobe
61
Heinza Lehmann
## Footnote
Chapter 14
First to introduce neurleptics --> treatment for schizophrenia
62
What are extra pyrimidal symptoms
## Footnote
Chapter 14 Psychosis
Occur from not taking antipsychotic medication that result in parkisons like symptoms
63
What have recent studies said about serotonin and dopamine in relation to psychosis symptoms?
Related to positive symptoms.
64
Emil Kraeplin
came up with the description of schizophrenia
65
Eugen Bleuler
Swiss psychiatrist who introduced the word schizophrenia.
66
Cotard'ssyn-syndrome
person believes that a part of his or her body has changed in an impossible way
67
Capgras syndrome
when a person believes that someone they know or themselves has been replaced by a double (doubleganger)
68
What is personality?
1. Patterns of acting, feeling, and how thibking that chacraize a given individual
2. Patterns are related to how and why we act/react the way we do across different contexts and settings
69
Personality traits
1. Traits tend to reflect behaviour that remains consistent across settings, situations
2. Mostly stable, but there is always varaibaility in how/when traits are expressed
70
Dimensional model of personality disorders
1. Personality traits are on a continuum
2. It's a matter of degree
3. Persoanlity pathology = extreme variations of those traits
71
Categorical model of personality traits
1. Personality traits are difined discrete disorders with specific symptoms
2. A matter of kind
3. Persoanlity disorder = meetings speific diagnostic criteria for diagnosis
72
5 factor model of personality traits
1. Neurotisim --> how prone someone is expercining (-) emotions
2. Extraversion --> How much someone prefers social context interactions vs solitary activities
3. Openess to Experience --> How curious somebody is & how recpeitve they are of new things
4. Concientiousness --> How much someone displays things like organization, puncutality, achievment motivations
5. Agreeableness --> How much someone tends towards cooperation & social harmony
73
Cluster A of personality disorders
1. Odd or eccentric
2. Includes: Parazoid, Schizoid, and Shizotypal
74
Cluster B of personality disorders
1. Dramtic, erratic, or emotional
2. Includes: Antisocial, Histronic, Borderline, Narcissistic
74
Cluster C of personality disorders
1. Axnious or fearful
2. Avoidant, Dependant, Obesseive Compulsive
75
How are personality disoders different from other disorders?
1. Long standing
2. Do not rep a decline in functioning per se
3. Often considered to be a style of interacting with the world
4. Ego-syntonic vs Ego-dystonic
76
Assessment of personality disoders
1. Comprehensive assessment is essential
2. Usually consists of File review, comprehensive clinical review (backround check, history, semi-constrcuted interview), self-report measures, and informant reports.
77
Self-report measures
1. Self-report (choose based on need).
2. Contain validity measures/items
3. MMPI
4. PAI
5. MCMI-IV
6. NEO Persoanlity inventory
78
Issues with diagnosing perosnality disorders
1. High comorbidity: Distinct or overalpping conditions
2. Other PD diagnosis was thhe 3rd most common PD diagnosis in the DSM-IV-TR
3. Poor reliability (inter-rater and test-test)
4. Clinician bias
79
Antisocial personality (APSD) diagnostic criteria
1. Pattern of disregard for violation of others rights since age 15
2. 3+ sympotms from A
3. Age 18+ and evidence of conduct disoder with onset before age 15
4. Diffferential diagnosis --> antisocial behaviour does not only occur in context of another diagnosis
80
Psychopathy vs Antisocial personality disorder (APSD)
1. Majority of psychopath's meet criteria for APSD
2. APSD --> psychopathy behaviours --> traits
81
genetic infleucnes of anti social personality disoder
1. Genetic influecnes: Deficient MAOA production (genes implicated) --> handle stress poorly bc of deficient inhibition.
2. Combination of genetic risk and envronmental stressors
82
Neruobiological factors of anti social personality disoder
1. The underrousal hypothesis
2. The fearlessness hypothesis
83
Integrative model of antiperosnality disorder
1. Behavioural inhibition system (IBS)
2. Reward system (REW)
84
Histronic Personality Disorder diagnostic criteria
1. Pattern of exessive emotionality & attention seeking
2. Onset --> early adulthood & and presen in variety of settings
3. 5+ symptoms
85
Borderline personality disoder dianostic criteria
1. Pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, affect + marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present across contexts.
2. 5+ symptoms
86
Etiology of borderline personality disorder
1. Neglect is one of the biggest contributing factors
2. Likley captured by diathesis stress model
3. Biological diathesis, inherited risk, poor dispositiion towards poor emotion regulation --> emotion dysregulation --> demands of family --> invalidation by family --> emotion outbursts --> emotion dysregulation
87
Narcissistic Personality Disorder diagnostic criteria
1. Pattern of grandoisity, need for adirmation & lack of empathy
2. Onset --> early adulthood & present in a variety of settings
3. 5+ symptoms
88
Symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
89
Symptoms of borderline personality disorder
90
Symptoms of Histronic personality disorder
91
Symptoms of antisocial personality disorders
92
Antisocial personality disorde treatment
1. Prevention, CBT cognitive programs for criminal rehabilitation
2. Underdeveloped
93
Borderline personality disorder treatment
1. Most researched/developed of persoanlity disorder
2. Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT)
3. Medications --> antipsychotics, antidepressants
94
Dialetical behaviour therpay (DBT)
1. Effective in treating BPD
2. Premises --> suport focused (accept and validation, but challenge behaviours)
3. Targets --> cognitions and mood
4. Weekly individual focused on solving problem behaviours
5. DBT modules --> mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, other potential targets: cognitive biases, processing trauma.
95
Hsitronic personality disorder treatment
1. Underdeveloped
2. Potential options --> interventions for problematic realtionships, skills training, CBT
96
Narcissistic personality disorder treatment
1. Challenging to treat
2. Underdeveloped treatments
3. Potential options --> CBT, coping strategies, treatment for co-occuring issues.
97
Paranoid Personality Disorder diagnostic criteria
1. Patterns of distrust + suspiciousness of others
2. Onset --> early adulthood & presnt in variety of settings
3. 4+ symptoms
4. Differential diagnosis --> not better explained by other diagnosis involving psychosis or other medical condition
98
Symptoms of paranoid persoanlity disorder
1.
99
Schizoid Personality disorder diagnosis
1. Pattern of detachment from social realtionships & restricted range of emotional expression
2. onset --> early adulthood & present in variety of settings
3. Symptoms 4+
4. Differential diagnosis --> not better explained by other diagnosis involving psychosis, Autism spectrum disorder, or medical condition
100
Symptoms of Schizoid personality disorder
1.
101
Schizotypal personality disorder diagnostic criteria
1. Pattern of social/interpersonal deficits with acute discomfort and reduced capapcity for close realtionships + cognitive and/or perceptual distortions
2. Onset --> early adulthood & present in a variety of settings
3. 5+ symptoms
4. Differential diagnosis --> not better explained by other diagnosis involving psychosis, Autism spectrum disorder, or medical condition.
102
Paranoid personality disorder treatment
1. understudied
2. Potentially CBT
103
Schizoid personality disorder treatment
1. Understudied
2. Potentially skills training
104
Schizotypal personality disoder treatment
1. Most studied of cluster A, still underdeveloped
2. Potential options, psychotic medication, CBT, social skills, community treatment
105
Avoidant personality disorder diagnostic criteria
1. Patterns of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy & hyper sesnitivity to (-) evaluation
2. Begins early adult hood & present in variety of settings
3. 4+ symptoms
106
Symptoms of avoidant personality disorder
1.
107
Dependant peronality disorder criteria
1. Patterns of excessive need to be taken care of --> submissive & clingy behaviour + fears of seperation
2. Beings early adult hood '
3. 5+ symptoms
108
Obsessive-compulsive personality disoder (OCPD)
1. Patterns of preoccupation with orderlineness, perfectionism & control which is at the expense of flexibility, openess & efficiency
2. Begins ealry adult hood
3. 4+ symptoms
109
Symptoms of obsessive personality disorder
1.
110
OCD vs OCPD
1. presnese vs absent of specific obessions and compulsions
2. Ego-dystonic vs ego-symptonic
3. Nature of Control attempts
111
Avoidant persoanlity disorder treatments
1. Potential options --> skills training, CBT (similar to social anxiety disorder)
112
Dependant persoanlity disoder treatments
1. Potential --> CBT, mindfulness, treatment for comorbid issues
113
Obessive-compulsive personality disorder
1. understudied
2. Psychotropic medications, CBT, relaxation techniques
114
What are the gender differences in personality disorders?
Men tend to be diagnosed more, and the cluster C disorders are more prevelent with women.
115
What is the conduct personality disorder
Basically, antisocial personality disorder for kids
116
What is the fearlessness and underarousal hypothesis for antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy. What is Robert Hare's theory of arousal?
1. The underarousal hypothesis is that psychopathy is asscoiated with low levels of cortical arousal
2. Robert Hare proposed the cortical immaturity arousal theory that states that the cerebral cortex with psychopathy is at a realtivley primitive stage of development.
3. The fearlessness hypothesis is that psychopaths have a high threshold for feeling fear
117
What did Capsi find for boys who're maltreated to go on to exhibit antisocial personality disorder and some do not?
1. Kids who grew up to exibit antisocial personality disorder had low levels of MAOA enzyme (breaks down neurotransmitters meaning they had high levels of certain neurotransmitters, reducing their ability to react to stress properly)
118
Familial and genetic influences of mood disorders
119
1. How is learned helplessness related to mood disorders?
2. Does it lead to depression?
1. Learned helplessness is negative attributions that everything is out of your control. Includes 3 categories, internal (everything is my fault), stable (things going forward will also be my fault), global (balming yourself for issues out of your control).\
2. Learned helpless inceases the chances, but stressful life events are better predictors.
120
1. What are the 3 dimensions of negative cognitive sytles and how do they relate to mood disorders
1. The three dimensions include negative thought about self, world, and future.
2. conisistent (-) thought styles lead to increase liklihood of depression/depressive episodes and is usually an unconcious process
| 3 dimensions are the cognitive triad
121
What personality disorder is low is extroversion, openess and agreeableness and what is the defining feature?
Paranoid personality disorder and the defining feature is low agreeableness
122
What personality disorder is defined by high neuroticism, low extroversion and high openess and what are the defining feature(s)
Shizotypal and the defining features are high neuroticism, low extroversion and high openess
122
What personality disorder is low in extroversion? What is the defining feature?
Shizoid PD and the defining feature is low extroversion (the only feature)
123
What personality disorder is high on neuroticism and extroversion but low on agreeableness and conscientiousness. What are the defining features.
Borderline personality disorder. Defining features are high neuroticism
124
What personality disorder is high on neurotiscism, extroversion and conscientiousness, and low in agreeableness. What is defining feature
Narcissistic, and the defining feature is low agreeableness
125
What persoanlity disoder is characterized by high neuroticism, extroversion, openess and low conscientiousness. What are the defining feature(s)
Histronic PD, and defining features are high neuroticism, extroversion and openess.
126
What personality disorder is characterized by low agreeableness and conscientiousness. Defining features?
Antisocial PD, defining features are low agreeableness and conscientious
127
What personality disorder is characterized by high neuroticism and agreeableness. Defining features?
Dependant PD, defining features are high neutoricism and agreeableness
128
1. What mood disorders are most likley to have martial diffculties?
2. Why?
1. Depression and bipolar disorder
2. This is becuase they are constanly fighting interpersonal stressors.
129
What are some reasons that women experience depression more than men?
1. expected gender roles
2. Sexual harssment during childhood
3. Value they place on initmate relationships
4. Ruminate more
5. Poverty (more so women and children)
130
131
What personality disorder is characterized by high neuroticism and low extroversion. Defining features?
Avoidant PD and defining features are high neurotiscism and low extroversion
132
What personality disorder is characterized by high neuroticism and agreeableness, and low extroversion and openess. Defining features?
Obessive-compulsive PD, defining features are high agreeableness
133
WHats the over arching bioloigcal process that relates anxiety and depression
1. Over active of neurobiological responses to stressful events
134
1. How does trcylcic treat depression?
2. How does monamine oxidase treat depression? (MOA inhibitors)
3. How does SSRI's treat depression?
4. What drug is called the mood-stablizer drug and what does it treat.
1. Triclylic help by down regulating norepinephrine
2. MOA inhibitors by blocking the enzyme monamine oxidase that breaks down neurotransmitters
3. SSIR's work by blocking reuptake os serotonin
4. Lithium --> treats bipolar, anxiety and helps present and treat manic eipsodes
135
What is the realtionship between exercising and depression.
1. Studies show that exercising increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which is correlated to resiliency to depression.
136
What is maintence treatment?
1. Treatment given to help people not relapse over long period of time
137
What are the different types of suicide and how are they brought on?
1. Altruistic suicide --> dying for bringing dishonor
2. Egoistic --> Loss of social supports
3. Anomic --> marked disruptions (suddenly losing something that you value)
4. Fatalistic --> Loss of control over own destiny (mass cult suicides)
138
Whats the difference betwene schizoid personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder?
1. Avoidant personality --> individuals want to form connections but suffer but interpersonal conflicts while schizoid indiviuduals are just uninternrested and prefer solitude.
2. Avoidant hvae severe anxiety, distorted thining etc while schizoid are fairly normal, just uninterested in things.
139
What is the difference between sociotropy and autonomy in the context of personality disorders
1. Sociotropy is the idea of working towards positive social interactions where autonomy is more individualistic behaviour.
140
obessive comoulsive personality disorder vs obsessive compulsive disorder
1. obessive compulsive personality disorder is more of a chronic disorder and is characterized by wanting ordliness, mental and interpersonal control at the expense of openess, efficiency, and flexibility.
2. Obessive compulsive disorder is more fixated on compulsive unwanted actions and can be more aware that the actions are not realistic while OCDPD would more likley think their behaviour is necessary.
141
1. Define substance
2. Define Psychoactive subsctance
3. Define Substance use
4. Define Substance intoxification
1. Chemical compounds ingested that to alter apsects of fucntioning
2. Affect the brain and alter mood, behaviour or both
3. Moderate ingestion of psychoactive substances without signigicant impairment in fucntioning
4. Impairment in fucntioning due to overload of substance
142
1. What disorders are associated with deperessants
2. What system do they both affect? Explain
1. Alchohol use disorder and sedatives, hypnotic and axioglytic disorder
2. The GABA system which slows down neutotransmitter firing, making the brain slow and more depressed.
143
How many drinks in considered heavy drinking for both genders
1. Women 4+
2. Men 5+
144
1. What is stimulant use disorder?
2. How drugs are associated with this disorder?
1. Abuse/dependence on stimulant substances that cause impairment. Must be present for a year period.
2. Cocaine, caffine, amphetamines.
145
# Amphetamine
What are the effects on
1. Body
2. mind
3. withdrawl
1. Increases dopamine and norepinephrine and blocks reuptake of these molecules which leads to energized and hallucinagenic state. Also, loss of apetite.
2. Can cause agitation, delusions, paranoia
3. Apathy, prolonged sleep, irratibility, depression
146
# Cocaine
1. General statistics?
2. Withdrawal symptoms?
1. About 1% of adults use it and 6% of students.; 2% of canadians have used in from 2013 -2015
2. anxiety, sleep changes, lack of motivation and boredom
147
# Alcohol
1. WHat affects does it have on the body?
2. Withdrawl affects?
3. What do studies on alcohol agression say?
1.
2. Body tremors, halluncinations,
148
# Tobacco related disorders (nictotine)
1. general statistics
2. How does it affect the body?
3. Whats the relationship with depression?
1. Smoking cigarettes is ~15% in Canadians 15+ down from 50%; Smoking is more common in older generation
2. Stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptos in the mid brain which affects the limbic system
3. Directionality is not determined, but depressed people are lilkley to be dependent and being dependent increases liklihood of being depressed
149
# Cannabis
1. Withdrawal symptoms?
2. What categories does it fit in relation to drugs?
3. negative long-term use
4. What is reverse tolereance?
1. Apetite change, nervousness, sleep change and irratability
2. Hallucinogen, depressant and stimulant
3. Impairment of concentration, mood, motivation, self-esteem, relationship with others.
4. When regular users experience more please after repeated use
150
# Caffine related disorders
1. general statistics?
2. How does it affect the body?
3. Withdrawal symptoms?
1. 90% of northamericans use it
2. Affects adenosine and dopamine systems.
3. Headaches, unpleasant mood, drowsiness.
150
# Opioid use disorder
1. What do opioids do?
2. general statistics
3. Withdrawl symptoms
1. They relax the body and are used for pain relief
2. d wqkld
3. Excessive yawning, nausea, vomiting, chills, muscle aches, diarrhea and insomnia
151
# Hallucinogens
1. What is a common hallucinogen
2. How does it affect the brain?
1. LSD
2. Affects multiple receptors at once, but in opposing ways
151
# Inhalants, steroids
1. Inhalants
2. Steroids
1. Straight to the blood stream
2. made form testosterone and medical uses include asthma, anemnia, and breast cancer
152
# Alcohol biological causes
1. What do studies say about biological influences?
1. For men ther is genetic vulnerability, but for women its mixed.
2. Chromosomes, 1, 2, 7, 11, are affected aswell, a gene on chromosome 4 can infuence dependancy.
3.
152
# Substance abuse Influences Psycholoigical dimensions
1. Biological
2. Social
3. Reinforcement
4. Cogniitve factors
1. Disease model of independance --> underlying physioloigcal causes
2. Moral weakness --> lack of self-control
3. Negative reinforcement reduces negative feelings while positive reinforcement induces postive feelings which leads to opponet theory that (-) feelimgs followed by (+) and (+) followed by (-) feelings.
4. Mypoia --> under influence you don't think straight; (+) expectancy affect makes you more likley to take a substance. Like it will make you feel good.
153
# Chapter 12
Gambling disorder
1. addictive disorder
2. Risk for antisocial and substance abuse
153
# Chapter 12
Impulse control disorders
1. Intermittent --> agressive episodes, disruption in excutive fucntioning, serotonin and norepinephrine dysfucntion, psychosocial interaction.
2. Kleptomania --> stealing things, anti-depressant behaviour, can have amnesia or no amnesia.
3. Pyromania --> fire
153
153
153
