Second Barons War Flashcards
Cause 1 of the second barons war?
Government:
- Henry III’s lavish spending
- Henry III’s promotion of favourites
Henry III’s lavish spending
- Henry was always asking Parliament for more taxation because he spent his money so rapidly
- Spent huge sums of money building churches e.g renovating Westminster Abbey
- Spent money on vanity projects e.g buying the relic of the holy blood (a vial supposedly containing some of Jesus’ blood) and tried to buy Sicily for his son
Henry III’s promotion of favourites
- important influential jobs were given to foreign friends instead of established English nobility
- e.g members of the Lusignan family were greatly promoted and rewarded
- They were rebellions against him due to his favouritism
Cause 2 of the second barons war?
War:
- Henry III’s failures in France
Henry III’s failures in France
- In 1230, he lost a major and expensive war in France trying to regain the lands his father lost
- In 1242, he lost another major and expensive war in France trying to do the same thing
Method 1 of the second barons war?
Communication:
- 1258, provisions of Oxford
1258, provisions of Oxford
In 1258, Byron laid out their grievances in the provisions of Oxford
It included :
- A council of 15 was to oversee Henry’s decision-making, it’s members would be elected by 24 men (12 chosen by the king, 12 chosen by the barons)
- parliament should meet three times a year
- Taxation was to be fairer
- Castles were to be held by indigenous Englishmen only
- foreign favourites were to be exiled
Henry agreed to this but then wrote to Pope urban IV and asked for it to be annulled
Simon de Montfort, the leader of the rebel barons, left for France in disgust
Method 2 of the second barons war?
War:
- 1264, battle of Lewis
- 1265, battle of Evesham
1264, battle of Lewes
The barons persuaded Simon de Montfort to return from France
On 14th of May 1264, Simon de Montfort defeated Henry at the battle of Lewes, capturing him and his eldest son, Edward
1265, battle of Evesham
Prince Edward escaped and raised an army
On 4th of August 1265, he defeated and killed Simon de Montfort at the battle of Evesham
Henry III then issued the victim of Kenilworth, in 1266, healing relations with his barons
Method 3 of the first barons war?
Government:
- those of a non-Nobel birth were a part of parliament
Those of a non-noble birth were a part of Parliament
Whilst Henry was captured, Simon de Montfort was radically overhauling the Parliamentary system, he increased the political representation of the growing middle class
20th of January 1265, Parliament had:
- Two knights (nobles) from each county
- Two burgesses (commoners) from many towns
First time in history that people have a non-noble birth had presence in parliament
Short-term significance of the second barons war?
Moderate:
- Firstly, it did emphasise a king’s accountability to his subjects
- Secondly, it did reshape parliament for a short period
Firstly, it did emphasise a king’s accountability to his subjects (explain)
Oh, these matches highlighted the principle of consent, they made it clear that kings couldn’t simply rule as they wished, however these developments were short lived as Simon de Montfort was then killed and Henry III returned to power
Secondly, it did reshape parliament for a short period (explain)
For the first time in our history, commoners were given a prominent voice in parliament. Simon Deitz 1265 parliament, therefore, was a significant step forward in the granting of political influence to the lower classes.
Long term significance of the second barons war?
Much greater:
-firstly, it had a profound effect on the shape of later Parliaments
- Secondly, it became an inspirational symbol to later movements
Firstly, it had a profound effect on the shape of later parliaments (explain)
When Edward I became king in 1272, he tried to rule more consensually than his father
He called more frequent parliaments which also had commoners in them and in 1295, he is now known as the ‘model parliament‘
Secondly, it became an inspirational symbol to later movements (explain)
Simon de Montfort became known as the ‘father of the House of Commons ’
This inspired the house of representatives in the US proving the second barons war was even more significant to later generations than its own
