Secion 3

Question 1

Most carbon is found in large ___ or ___ in soils, fossil fuels, and the ocean.

Answer 1

Pools

Reservoirs

Question 2

Natural carbon fluxes are ___- and ___.

Answer 2

Photosynthesis

Respiration of carbon on land and in the ocean

Question 3

___ is the fourth most abundant element in the universe.

Answer 3

Carbon

Question 4

The movement of carbon from the atmosphere to the lithosphere begins with ___.

Answer 4

Rain

Question 5

Atmospheric carbon combines with water to form a weak acid, ___, that falls to the surface in rain.

Answer 5

Carbonic acid

Question 6

When carbonic acid dissolves rocks, it is called ___.

Answer 6

Chemical weathering

Question 7

In the ocean, ___ ions combine with ___ ions to form calcium carbonate.

Answer 7

Calcium

Bicarbonate

Question 8

Carbon is returned to the atmosphere through ___.

Answer 8

Volcanoes

Question 9

In the ocean, carbon dioxide gas reacts with water molecules to release ___, making the ocean more acidic.

Answer 9

Hydrogen

Question 10

Hydrogen produced in the ocean reacts with carbonate from rock weathering to produce ____ ions.

Answer 10

Bicarbonate

Question 11

Carbon can make up to ___ bonds per atom.

Answer 11

Four

Question 12

___ and ____ are the main components of the fast carbon cycle.

Answer 12

Plants

Phytoplankton

Question 13

___ things can happen to move carbon from a plant and return it to the atmosphere, but all involve the same chemical reaction.

Answer 13

Four

Question 14

Plants break down the ___ to get the energy they need to grow.

Answer 14

Sugar

Question 15

Animals eat the ___ or ___, and break down the plant sugar to get energy.

Answer 15

Plant

Plankton

Question 16

Plants and plankton ___ and ___ at the end of the growing season.

Answer 16

Die

Decay

Question 17

In each case of moving carbon from a plant to the atmosphere, oxygen combines with sugar to release ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 17

Water
Carbon dioxide
Energy

Question 18

___ is the most important gas for controlling earth’s temperature.

Answer 18

Carbon dioxide

Question 19

Warmer oceans can decrease the abundance of ___.

Answer 19

Phytoplankton

Question 20

___ is the increased growth of plants due to more atmospheric carbon dioxide being available to convert to plant matter in photosynthesis.

Answer 20

Carbon fertilization

Question 21

Humans release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere mostly by ___.

Answer 21

Burning fossil fuels

Question 22

Carbon dioxide largely comes from burning coal to generate ___.

Answer 22

Electricity

Question 23

Some carbon dioxide is produced from ___, especially deforestation.

Answer 23

Land use change

Question 24

___ and ___ are the two main sources of carbon dioxide.

Answer 24

Fossil fuels

Land-use change

Question 25

Most of earth’s carbon is stored in ___, but it is essentially inert.

Answer 25

Rocks

Question 26

Carbon is stored as ___, ___, ____, and ___.

Answer 26

Biomass
Fossil fuels
Collection of ions in the ocean (85%)

Question 27

Carbon is transferred between CO2 and living or dead organic material by the basic ___/____ reaction.

Answer 27

Photosynthesis

Respiration

Question 28

___ is the dominant fossil fuel.

Answer 28

Coal

Question 29

___ refers to the natural system’s response to anthropogenic addition of carbon to the atmosphere and climate warming.

Answer 29

Land uptake

Question 30

Biogeochemical processes are ___ because most forms of matter on earth cannot be created or destroyed - they only change form.

Answer 30

Cyclic

Question 31

Carbon represents ___ that is divided up and consumed by many different organisms.

Answer 31

Energy

Question 32

The ___ cycle has been more heavily altered than the carbon cycle.

Answer 32

Nitrogen

Question 33

Much of life relies on ___ to catalyze reactions or build biomass.

Answer 33

Proteins

Question 34

Proteins are made up of amino acids, which contain an ___ group that contains nitrogen.

Answer 34

Amine

Question 35

___% of nitrogen is in the atmosphere, and is inaccessible to most organisms.

Answer 35

78

Question 36

Humans have increased the rate of nitrogen cycling nearly ____.

Answer 36

Three-fold

Question 37

Plants and microorganisms use photosynthesis to produce ___.

Answer 37

Biomass

Question 38

___ refers to organic material that has been buried at the bottom of the ocean or a swamp, and converted by heat and pressure to oil, coal, or natural gas.

Answer 38

Fossilized sunlight

Question 39

Sugars, lipids and proteins are broken down in cells to release energy via ___.

Answer 39

Respiration