Sec 4 Flashcards
3 types of adaptations
- structural
- phycological (functional)
- behavioural
structural adaptations
adaptation traits in bones and limbs to help organisms survive
Phycological adaptations
functions of certain body parts (what does it produce usually chemicals)
behavioural adaptations
Actions organisms do to help them survive in their environment
variation
Differences between individuals within a species
causes of variation
- Sexual reproduction, gene mixing, different genes from different parents
- Mutations, change in genetic material, can cause character change, tumors, malfunctions, cell death
order of scientists
Plato Aristotle Buffon Cuvier Lyell Lamarck Darwin Wallace Malthus
plato and aristotle both believed
all life stayed perfectly the same, without a change
cuvier believed
in a revolution, organisms live, die, decompose and become fossils, this is a quick process, studied paleontology
buffon believed
earth was older than 6000 years old, organisms have relationships
Lyell believed
Disagreed with revolution he thought changing process was slow, and still occurring today (stratification)
Lamarck believed
Acquired traits were passed on onto offspring
Darwins beliefs
Survival of the fittest, those with advantage traits survive and reproduce
Wallace beliefs
same as darwins published a week late
Malthus believed
Populations reproduce more than can survive
overproduction
of offspring is higher than the # of those that will survive
struggle for existance
intra and interspecies competition, fight for resources, slow, weak, and without advantage traits die.
Survival of the fittest
those who have traits resistant to diseases and strong advantage traits are going tovaa live on survive and produce offspring with the same traits
Inheritance of successful variation
Traits inherited from parents give you an survival advantages
3 peices of evidence of evolutionary theory
- Fossil record
- fossils get older as they go deeper in, discovered through radiometric dating using isotopes - Transitional fossils
- link between groups of organisms, linking past and present - Patterns of distribution
- Darwin & Wallace used biogeography to predict animals evolving in one area then moves to surrounding
Anatomy
relationships of structures of organisms
3 types of anatomy
- Homologous
- Same origin different function - Analogous
- Different origin, same function - Vestical
- disappearing structures
embryology
Study of different embryos in related groups, point to common ancestor
Molecular biology
Study of cells to show similarities
Evidence of evolutionary theory
- Artifitial selection: we have created new vegetables, and dog breeds
- Genetics: pass down genes to offspring
Speciation
formation of new species
2 ways of speciation
- Divergence
2. Transformation
Transformation
Organism evolves into a new, old version no n=longer exists (humans)
Divergence
new species comes from Organism have same origin, but have created many versions original remains in existence (Galapagos finches)
3 ways of speeding up evolution
- Biological barriers
- Change in environment causing disruption of the reproductive system of species (noise pollution and birds) - Geographical barriers
- Rivers, mountains etc, separating a species long enough to allow the species to be too different and unable to reproduce with one another. - Reproductive barriers
- Organisms have specific mating times, times where the sperm and egg will not join.
Rates of evolution
- punctuated equilibrium: steady for long then environment changes and new species form, (meteor, earthquake, tsunami)
- Gradualism: Species go through steady change in linear fashion
