Sec 4

Question 1

3 types of adaptations

Answer 1

1. structural
2. phycological (functional)
3. behavioural

Question 2

structural adaptations

Answer 2

adaptation traits in bones and limbs to help organisms survive

Question 3

Phycological adaptations

Answer 3

functions of certain body parts (what does it produce usually chemicals)

Question 4

behavioural adaptations

Answer 4

Actions organisms do to help them survive in their environment

Question 5

variation

Answer 5

Differences between individuals within a species

Question 6

causes of variation

Answer 6

1. Sexual reproduction, gene mixing, different genes from different parents
2. Mutations, change in genetic material, can cause character change, tumors, malfunctions, cell death

Question 7

order of scientists

Answer 7

Plato
Aristotle
Buffon
Cuvier
Lyell
Lamarck
Darwin
Wallace
Malthus

Question 8

plato and aristotle both believed

Answer 8

all life stayed perfectly the same, without a change

Question 9

cuvier believed

Answer 9

in a revolution, organisms live, die, decompose and become fossils, this is a quick process, studied paleontology

Question 10

buffon believed

Answer 10

earth was older than 6000 years old, organisms have relationships

Question 11

Lyell believed

Answer 11

Disagreed with revolution he thought changing process was slow, and still occurring today (stratification)

Question 12

Lamarck believed

Answer 12

Acquired traits were passed on onto offspring

Question 13

Darwins beliefs

Answer 13

Survival of the fittest, those with advantage traits survive and reproduce

Question 14

Wallace beliefs

Answer 14

same as darwins published a week late

Question 15

Malthus believed

Answer 15

Populations reproduce more than can survive

Question 16

overproduction

Answer 16

of offspring is higher than the # of those that will survive

Question 17

struggle for existance

Answer 17

intra and interspecies competition, fight for resources, slow, weak, and without advantage traits die.

Question 18

Survival of the fittest

Answer 18

those who have traits resistant to diseases and strong advantage traits are going tovaa live on survive and produce offspring with the same traits

Question 19

Inheritance of successful variation

Answer 19

Traits inherited from parents give you an survival advantages

Question 20

3 peices of evidence of evolutionary theory

Answer 20

1. Fossil record
   - fossils get older as they go deeper in, discovered through radiometric dating using isotopes
2. Transitional fossils
   - link between groups of organisms, linking past and present
3. Patterns of distribution
   - Darwin & Wallace used biogeography to predict animals evolving in one area then moves to surrounding

Question 21

Anatomy

Answer 21

relationships of structures of organisms

Question 22

3 types of anatomy

Answer 22

1. Homologous
   - Same origin different function
2. Analogous
   - Different origin, same function
3. Vestical
   - disappearing structures

Question 23

embryology

Answer 23

Study of different embryos in related groups, point to common ancestor

Question 24

Molecular biology

Answer 24

Study of cells to show similarities

Question 25

Evidence of evolutionary theory

Answer 25

1. Artifitial selection: we have created new vegetables, and dog breeds
2. Genetics: pass down genes to offspring

Question 26

Speciation

Answer 26

formation of new species

Question 27

2 ways of speciation

Answer 27

1. Divergence

2. Transformation

Question 28

Transformation

Answer 28

Organism evolves into a new, old version no n=longer exists (humans)

Question 29

Divergence

Answer 29

new species comes from Organism have same origin, but have created many versions original remains in existence (Galapagos finches)

Question 30

3 ways of speeding up evolution

Answer 30

1. Biological barriers
   - Change in environment causing disruption of the reproductive system of species (noise pollution and birds)
2. Geographical barriers
   - Rivers, mountains etc, separating a species long enough to allow the species to be too different and unable to reproduce with one another.
3. Reproductive barriers
   - Organisms have specific mating times, times where the sperm and egg will not join.

Question 31

Rates of evolution

Answer 31

1. punctuated equilibrium: steady for long then environment changes and new species form, (meteor, earthquake, tsunami)
2. Gradualism: Species go through steady change in linear fashion