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Oceanography > Sea water basic concepts - 2 > Flashcards

Sea water basic concepts - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What bonding is found in a water molecule?

A

Covalent

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2
Q

What are the 5 unique properties of water?

A
  1. Higher melting point
  2. Higher boiling point
  3. High heat capacity
  4. Greater latent heat of melting and vaporisation
  5. Great solvent power
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3
Q

What shape is water molecule?

A

Asymmetrical

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4
Q

To what degree are the hydrogen molecules separated when water is in its gaseous or liquid form?

A

105º

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5
Q

To what degree are the hydrogen molecules separated when water is ice?

A

109.5º

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6
Q

What causes the dipole structure of water?

A

Asymmetry and distribution of electrons

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7
Q

Which end of the water molecule is slightly positively charged?

A

Hydrogen end

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8
Q

Which end of the water molecule is slightly negatively charged?

A

Oxygen end

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9
Q

What kind of bond is created between water molecules due to the dipole structure?

A

Hydrogen bong (weak electrostatic bond)

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10
Q

How do water molecules cluster together?

A

In a hexagonal pattern

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11
Q

At what temperature does water reach its maximum density?

A

3.98ºC

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12
Q

What happens to water below 3.98ºC?

A

Increasing number of water molecules form hexagonal polymers, decreasing density

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13
Q

What happens to water above 3.98ºC?

A

Molecules are increasingly energetic and move further apart, decreasing density

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14
Q

How much less dense is ice compared to water?

A

8%

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15
Q

How does water dissolve salts?

A

Surround the atoms and neutralise ionic bonds

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16
Q

What do dissolved salts produce?

A

Anions (-ve) and Cations (+ve)

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17
Q

Define hydration

A

Process of water surrounding an ion

18
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

Process of water breaking bonds that hold other molecules together

19
Q

In what two ways does salinity affect sea water?

A
  1. Affects maximum-density

2. Affects freezing point temperature

20
Q

How does the addition of dissolved ions affect water?

A

Lower initial freezing point temperature

21
Q

Define salinity

A

The total mass, expressed in grams, of all the substances dissolved in one kg of sea water

22
Q

What is salinity measured in?

A

Parts Per Million (ppm)

23
Q

What is the average salinity of the ocean?

A

35 ppm

24
Q

What % of salt ions is from sodium and chlorine?

A

86%

25
Q

99% of all the salt ions in the sea are …

A

Sodium, Chlorine, Sulfate, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium

26
Q

Major constituents show little variation over time so are …

A

Conservative Property of seawater

27
Q

What are the major nutrients in the ocean?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Silicon

28
Q

Nutrients are scarce so are …

A

Nonconservative Property of seawater

29
Q

What are the major gases in the sea (in decreasing abundance?)

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Noble gases: Argon, Neon, Helium

30
Q

How can we describe the state of salinity in the ocean?

A

Steady-state (input is equal to output)

31
Q

What are the sources of salt to the oceans?

A
  1. Weathering of rocks on land

2. Reaction with lava

32
Q

What are the sinks of salt from the oceans?

A
  1. Evaporation creating brine … evaporite beds formed
  2. Wind-blown spray then adsorption by clays
  3. Shell formation by organisms
  4. Subduction
33
Q

Why is river water and sea water composition different?

A

Residence times vary (ions with long residence times accumulate in the oceans)

34
Q

What is the heat capacity of water?

A

4.2 kJ/kgºC

35
Q

What is the residency time of chlorine?

A

Infinite

36
Q

What is the resident time of sodium?

A

260 x10^6 years

37
Q

What is the maximum solubility of sea water?

A

360 g/L

38
Q

What is the principle of constant proportion?

A

Ratio of any two major constituents is a fixed value, regardless of salinity

39
Q

Salinity=

A

1.80655 x chlorinity

40
Q

What does a salinometer do?

A

Indirectly measure salinity by measuring the electrical conductivity of water

Oceanography (13 decks)

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